Inhibitory effects of three monoterpenes from ginger essential oil on growth and aflatoxin production of Aspergillus flavus and their gene regulation in aflatoxin biosynthesis

Applied Biological Chemistry

Table 2 Effects of monoterpenes derived from ginger essential oil on aflatoxin production

Compound	Concentration (μg/mL)	Aflatoxin production rate (%) compared to the control
Compound	Concentration (μg/mL)	AFB1	AFB2	AFG1	AFG2
Isoborneol	500	ND	ND	ND	ND
	250	ND	ND	ND	ND
	100	ND	ND	ND	ND
γ-Terpinene	100	ND^a	ND^a	ND	ND
	10	53.0 ± 3.9^b	39.0 ± 3.3^b	ND	ND
Citral	100	ND^a	ND	ND	ND
	10	13.0 ± 1.7^b	ND	ND	ND

N.D. Not detected
*Different letters indicate statistically different from the control (p < 0.05). These values are used for the control when compared to each experiment