Fig. 4

Immunological changes during cachexia progression. At 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after C26 cell inoculation, mice were sacrificed and their spleen was extracted. The populations of a CD3⁺, CD4⁺, and CD8⁺ T cells and b immune checkpoint molecules including CTLA-4 and PD-1 on CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells in spleen were analyzed by flow cytometry. The bar graph represents the fold-change values of the cachexia group versus the normal group, with standard error of the mean. Dotted lines indicate the normal group fold-change. **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 versus 3 days after C26 cell inoculation. CTLA, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4; PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1