Table 1 Recent studies on reactive dye removal by various microorganisms
From: Bioremoval of reactive dye Remazol Navy by kefir grains
References | Microorg. | Dye | Parameters | Percentage dye removal/results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
[11] | Bacterial consortium | Reactive Green 19 | Dye conc.: 100 mg/L Temperature: 25–45 °C pH: 5–10 Contact time: 24 h Additional source: glucose and yeast extract, 0–2.5% (weight/volume), pH7.2, 25–45 °C | 97.1% in 24 h at optimum conditions: 32.04 °C, pH 8.3, 1.16 mg/100 ml yeast extract conc |
[15] | Waste beer yeast slurry | Reactive Red 239 Reactive Black B Direct Blue 85 | Adsorbent dosage : 0.63–3.12 g/L pH: 2–10 Temperature: 30 °C Dye conc.: 100–350 mg/L Contact time: 0–140 min | Max.96, 99 and 100% for DB85, RR239 and RBB respectively at pH2, 100 mg/L dye conc., 3.12 g biomass/L Equilibrium times: 30 min for RR239 and RBB and 60 min for DB85 at pH2, 100 mg/L dye conc., with 0.63 g biomass/L Max adsorption capacity: 139 and 160.8 mg/g for DB85 and RR239 at 250 mg/L dye conc. and 158.7 mg/g for RBB at 300 mg/L dye conc. at pH2, with 0.63 g biomass/L |
[16] | Candida boidinii MM 4035 | Reactive Black 5 | Dye conc: 200 mg/L Temperature: 25 °C Adsorbent dosage: 10% (v) Contact time: 24 h Carbon sources: 0.8 g/L, glucose, sucrose, glycerol NitrogenSources: 0.05 g/L, (NH4)2SO4, urea, NH4NO3 Culture media components: glucose, yeast extract, urea, KH2PO4, MgSO4·7H2O | Optimum dye removal and biomass production with glucose as carbon/energy source No significant effect of nitrogen sources Significant effect of tested culture components on decoloration: 100% in 24 h with 3% glucose, 0.0565% urea, 0.125% yeast extract, 0.25% KH2PO4, 0.025% MgSO4·7H2O Max biomass production 9.07 g/L at 24 h with 3% glucose, 0.1695% urea, 0.125% yeast extract, 0.75% KH2PO4, 0.025% MgSO4·7H2O |
[19] | Nannochl. oceanica | Reactive Violet 5 | Adsorbent dosage: 50 mg(wet)/20 ml Temperature: 10–40 °C pH:8 Contact time:72 h | Max. adsorption capacity: 115 mg/g at 40 °C |
[26] | Panus tigrinus | Reactive Blue 19 | Dye conc.: 50–150 mg/L Contact time: 30–90 min Temperature: 26 °C pH: 2–6 Adsorbent dosage:15 g/L | Max. 83.12% at 50 mg/L dye conc., pH2, in 90 min Min 13.18% at 50 mg/L dye conc., pH6, in 30 min |
[27] | Aspergillus fumigatus | Reactive Blue 268 | Culture age: 3–12 days Temperature: 27–45 °C pH: 3–9 Dye conc:0.025–0.150 g/L Carbon source: 10 g/L, glucose, dextrose, sucrose, starch Nitrogen source: 2 g/L, yeast extract, peptone, beef extract, ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate | Max. appx.95% with 6-day-old fungal inoculums Max. appx. 99% at pH 6, 30 °C, after 4 days Among the carbon sources max decolorization (appx 96%) with sucrose, among the nitrogen sources 100% with ammonium chloride (after 4 day, 30 °C, pH 6) Complete decolorization within 2 days at optimized conditions 65% decolorization with dead biomass at an adsorbent dose of 10 g/L within 6 days |
[28] | Marasmius sp. BBKAV79 | Reactive Blue 171 | Dye conc.: 50–200 mg/L at 40 °C pH: 3–9 at 50 mg/L dye cons. Temperature: 30–50 °C Carbon source: maltose, sucrose, glucose, lactose at 40 °C, 50 mg/L dye cons. Nitrogen source: peptone, yeast extract, urea, ammonium chloride at 40 °C, 50 mg/L dye cons. Contact time: 24 h | 91.25% at 50 mg/L dye cons. 97.27% at pH5 95.12% at 40 °C 100% with sucrose 75.68% with glucose 35.14% with maltose 25.86% with lactose 100% with peptone 55.68% with yeast extract 0% with urea and ammonium chloride |
[29] | Phlebia sp. and Paecilomyces formosus | Reactive Blue19 Reactive Black 5 | Dye conc: 0.1 g/L Temperature: 28 °C Contact time: 15 days | On solid-medium: 91% for RB19 and 100% for RB5 with Phlebia sp. 75% for RB19 and 97% for RB5 with P. formosus In liquid-medium: 79% for RB19 and 91% for RB5 with Phlebia sp. 15% for RB19 and 92% for RB5 with P. formosus |