Compound | Control | Blanching time | Boiling | Frying | Stir-frying | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 s | 10 s | 20 s | |||||
PFOA | 0.20 ± 0.07a | 0.17 ± 0.01a | 0.16 ± 0.02a | 0.19 ± 0.02a | 0.06 ± 0.01b | 0.06 ± 0.01b | 0.07 ± 0.01b |
PFOS | 1.29 ± 0.15a | 1.19 ± 0.07a | 0.94 ± 0.07b | 0.87 ± 0.08b | 0.93 ± 0.02b | 1.16 ± 0.11ab | 1.15 ± 0.13ab |
PFBA | 0.06 ± 0.02b | 0.08 ± 0.07a | 0.11 ± 0.01ab | 0.23 ± 0.16a | 0.05 ± 0.02b | 0.07 ± 0.00ab | 0.10 ± 0.01a |
PFPeA | 0.13 ± 0.01a | 0.12 ± 0.02ab | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
PFHxA | ND | 0.07 ± 0.00a | 0.08 ± 0.01a | ND | ND | ND | ND |
PFHpA | 0.08 ± 0.03a | 0.09 ± 0.01a | 0.09 ± 0.01a | 0.07 ± 0.01a | ND | ND | ND |
PFNA | 0.07 ± 0.01a | 0.06 ± 0.01a | 0.04 ± 0.01b | 0.06 ± 0.01a | ND | 0.03 ± 0.01b | 0.03 ± 0.00b |
PFDA | 0.07 ± 0.02a | 0.06 ± 0.02a | 0.07 ± 0.00a | 0.05 ± 0.03a | ND | 0.04 ± 0.01b | 0.05 ± 0.00b |
PFUnDA | 0.23 ± 0.04a | 0.20 ± 0.08a | 0.19 ± 0.01a | 0.17 ± 0.02a | 0.15 ± 0.01b | 0.18 ± 0.01b | 0.17 ± 0.02b |
PFDoDA | 0.09 ± 0.02a | 0.10 ± 0.01a | 0.06 ± 0.03ab | 0.06 ± 0.00b | 0.03 ± 0.00b | 0.03 ± 0.01b | 0.04 ± 0.00b |
PFTrDA | 0.43 ± 0.06a | 0.54 ± 0.22a | 0.36 ± 0.18a | 0.27 ± 0.05a | 0.31 ± 0.05ab | 0.36 ± 0.10ab | 0.28 ± 0.07b |
PFTeDA | 0.24 ± 0.17a | 0.12 ± 0.00a | 0.15 ± 0.03a | 0.09 ± 0.09a | 0.07 ± 0.05ab | ND | 0.05 ± 0.02b |
PFBS | ND | ND | ND | 0.07 ± 0.04a | ND | ND | ND |
PFHxS | 0.06 ± 0.03a | 0.06 ± 0.01a | 0.10 ± 0.04a | 0.06 ± 0.00a | ND | ND | ND |
L-PFHpS | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
PFDS | 0.01 ± 0.01a | 0.02 ± 0.01a | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
PFOSA | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
MePFOSAA | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
EtPFOSAA | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Total | 2.96 ± 0.65a | 2.88 ± 0.44a | 2.34 ± 0.34a | 2.20 ± 0.31a | 1.60 ± 0.16b | 1.93 ± 0.19b | 1.94 ± 0.07b |