From: Effects of food processing methods on migration of heavy metals to food
Method | Food | Status/time | Heavy metal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pb (µg) | Cd (µg) | As (µg) | Al (mg) | |||
Oil extraction | ||||||
 Pressing | Flaxseed | Seed | 373.624 ± 142.869a | 2610.251 ± 429.354a | 557.181 ± 259.443a | 118.702 ± 0.705a |
Oil | 25.652 ± 36.963b | 70.030 ± 103.731b | 3.102 ± 1.036b | 29.8144 ± 3.463b | ||
Sesame | Seed | 321.154 ± 64.165a | 448.447 ± 44.324a | 678.788 ± 33.686a | 849.674 ± 116.487a | |
Oil | 36.010 ± 53.832b | 0.000 ± 0.000b | 15.185 ± 8.418b | 15.974 ± 14.484b | ||
Perilla | Seed | 936.000 ± 97.083a | 56.446 ± 16.043a | 259.843 ± 36.355a | 1023.546 ± 187.529a | |
Oil | 35.519 ± 34.428b | 8.642 ± 14.705b | 14.109 ± 3.926b | 25.546 ± 10.514b | ||
 Solvent | Flaxseed | Seed | 1.569 ± 0.600a | 10.961 ± 1.803a | 2.340 ± 1.089a | 0.498 ± 0.003a |
Oil | 0.168 ± 0.063b | 1.059 ± 1.314b | 0.148 ± 0.126b | 0.029 ± 0.008b | ||
Sesame | Seed | 0.758 ± 0.152a | 1.059 ± 0.105a | 1.603 ± 0.080a | 2.007 ± 0.275a | |
Oil | 0.025 ± 0.009b | 0.000 ± 0.000b | 0.037 ± 0.052b | 0.047 ± 0.034b | ||
Perilla | Seed | 2.206 ± 0.229a | 0.133 ± 0.038a | 0.612 ± 0.086a | 2.412 ± 0.442a | |
Oil | 0.019 ± 0.016b | 0.000 ± 0.000b | 0.011 ± 0.013b | 0.041 ± 0.033b | ||
 Supercritical-fluid | Flaxseed | Seed | 19.299 ± 7.380a | 134.827 ± 22.177a | 28.780 ± 13.401a | 6.131 ± 0.036a |
Oil | 6.249 ± 3.989b | 8.300 ± 3.321b | 5.716 ± 4.432b | 0.175 ± 0.113b | ||
Sesame | Seed | 12.846 ± 2.567a | 17.938 ± 1.773a | 27.152 ± 1.347a | 33.987 ± 4.659a | |
Oil | 0.140 ± 0.221b | 0.025 ± 0.031b | 0.430 ± 0.086b | 1.232 ± 0.728b | ||
Perilla | Seed | 37.440 ± 3.883a | 2.259 ± 0.642a | 10.394 ± 1.454a | 40.942 ± 7.501a | |
Oil | 4.183 ± 3.778b | 0.574 ± 0.993b | 0.805 ± 0.330b | 3.031 ± 1.668b | ||
 Boiling noodle | Flour noodles | Control | 0.820 ± 0.399 | 0.714 ± 0.042 | 0.055 ± 0.023 | 0.768 ± 0.032 |
3 min | 0.354 ± 0.250a | 0.173 ± 0.122a | 0.000 ± 0.000a | 0.257 ± 0.008a | ||
5 min | 0.298 ± 0.190a | 0.103 ± 0.076a | 0.002 ± 0.005a | 0.217 ± 0.017b | ||
10 min | 0.251 ± 0.126a | 0.049 ± 0.009a | 0.011 ± 0.018a | 0.203 ± 0.002b | ||
Glass noodles | Control | 0.634 ± 0.150 | 0.000 ± 0.000 | 0.086 ± 0.022 | 0.981 ± 0.005 | |
3 min | 0.359 ± 0.132a | 0.000 ± 0.001 | 0.002 ± 0.004a | 0.556 ± 0.004a | ||
5 min | 0.289 ± 0.177a | 0.000 ± 0.000 | 0.000 ± 0.000a | 0.476 ± 0.004b | ||
10 min | 0.191 ± 0.036a | 0.000 ± 0.000 | 0.000 ± 0.000a | 0.347 ± 0.002c | ||
 Infusing tea | Green tea | Control | 0.219 ± 0.008 | 0.017 ± 0.002 | 0.073 ± 0.015 | 4.694 ± 0.119 |
2 min | 0.047 ± 0.002a | 0.003 ± 0.001a | 0.003 ± 0.005a | 1.441 ± 0.119a | ||
10 min | 0.056 ± 0.001b | 0.003 ± 0.003a | 0.006 ± 0.002b | 1.957 ± 0.147b | ||
30 min | 0.065 ± 0.002c | 0.005 ± 0.003a | 0.007 ± 0.005b | 2.462 ± 0.098c | ||
Black tea | Control | 0.657 ± 0.061 | 0.011 ± 0.001 | 0.049 ± 0.005 | 1.039 ± 0.039 | |
2 min | 0.330 ± 0.081a | 0.003 ± 0.003a | 0.023 ± 0.009a | 0.663 ± 0.128a | ||
10 min | 0.429 ± 0.138a | 0.006 ± 0.006b | 0.038 ± 0.017a | 0.786 ± 0.126a | ||
30 min | 0.558 ± 0.194b | 0.010 ± 0.009b | 0.049 ± 0.019b | 0.864 ± 0.054b | ||
Solomon’s seal tea | Control | 0.474 ± 0.163 | 0.054 ± 0.008 | 0.053 ± 0.009 | 0.428 ± 0.026 | |
2 min | 0.086 ± 0.017a | 0.004 ± 0.004a | 0.002 ± 0.003a | 0.214 ± 0.022a | ||
10 min | 0.175 ± 0.121b | 0.014 ± 0.014b | 0.009 ± 0.003b | 0.277 ± 0.041b | ||
30 min | 0.298 ± 0.118c | 0.020 ± 0.004c | 0.015 ± 0.003c | 0.374 ± 0.041c |