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Table 2 Contents of heavy metals in oilseeds and their extracted oils, noodles and their boiled noodles and teas and their infusions

From: Effects of food processing methods on migration of heavy metals to food

Method

Food

Status/time

Heavy metal

Pb (µg)

Cd (µg)

As (µg)

Al (mg)

Oil extraction

 Pressing

Flaxseed

Seed

373.624 ± 142.869a

2610.251 ± 429.354a

557.181 ± 259.443a

118.702 ± 0.705a

Oil

25.652 ± 36.963b

70.030 ± 103.731b

3.102 ± 1.036b

29.8144 ± 3.463b

Sesame

Seed

321.154 ± 64.165a

448.447 ± 44.324a

678.788 ± 33.686a

849.674 ± 116.487a

Oil

36.010 ± 53.832b

0.000 ± 0.000b

15.185 ± 8.418b

15.974 ± 14.484b

Perilla

Seed

936.000 ± 97.083a

56.446 ± 16.043a

259.843 ± 36.355a

1023.546 ± 187.529a

Oil

35.519 ± 34.428b

8.642 ± 14.705b

14.109 ± 3.926b

25.546 ± 10.514b

 Solvent

Flaxseed

Seed

1.569 ± 0.600a

10.961 ± 1.803a

2.340 ± 1.089a

0.498 ± 0.003a

Oil

0.168 ± 0.063b

1.059 ± 1.314b

0.148 ± 0.126b

0.029 ± 0.008b

Sesame

Seed

0.758 ± 0.152a

1.059 ± 0.105a

1.603 ± 0.080a

2.007 ± 0.275a

Oil

0.025 ± 0.009b

0.000 ± 0.000b

0.037 ± 0.052b

0.047 ± 0.034b

Perilla

Seed

2.206 ± 0.229a

0.133 ± 0.038a

0.612 ± 0.086a

2.412 ± 0.442a

Oil

0.019 ± 0.016b

0.000 ± 0.000b

0.011 ± 0.013b

0.041 ± 0.033b

 Supercritical-fluid

Flaxseed

Seed

19.299 ± 7.380a

134.827 ± 22.177a

28.780 ± 13.401a

6.131 ± 0.036a

Oil

6.249 ± 3.989b

8.300 ± 3.321b

5.716 ± 4.432b

0.175 ± 0.113b

Sesame

Seed

12.846 ± 2.567a

17.938 ± 1.773a

27.152 ± 1.347a

33.987 ± 4.659a

Oil

0.140 ± 0.221b

0.025 ± 0.031b

0.430 ± 0.086b

1.232 ± 0.728b

Perilla

Seed

37.440 ± 3.883a

2.259 ± 0.642a

10.394 ± 1.454a

40.942 ± 7.501a

Oil

4.183 ± 3.778b

0.574 ± 0.993b

0.805 ± 0.330b

3.031 ± 1.668b

 Boiling noodle

Flour noodles

Control

0.820 ± 0.399

0.714 ± 0.042

0.055 ± 0.023

0.768 ± 0.032

3 min

0.354 ± 0.250a

0.173 ± 0.122a

0.000 ± 0.000a

0.257 ± 0.008a

5 min

0.298 ± 0.190a

0.103 ± 0.076a

0.002 ± 0.005a

0.217 ± 0.017b

10 min

0.251 ± 0.126a

0.049 ± 0.009a

0.011 ± 0.018a

0.203 ± 0.002b

Glass noodles

Control

0.634 ± 0.150

0.000 ± 0.000

0.086 ± 0.022

0.981 ± 0.005

3 min

0.359 ± 0.132a

0.000 ± 0.001

0.002 ± 0.004a

0.556 ± 0.004a

5 min

0.289 ± 0.177a

0.000 ± 0.000

0.000 ± 0.000a

0.476 ± 0.004b

10 min

0.191 ± 0.036a

0.000 ± 0.000

0.000 ± 0.000a

0.347 ± 0.002c

 Infusing tea

Green tea

Control

0.219 ± 0.008

0.017 ± 0.002

0.073 ± 0.015

4.694 ± 0.119

2 min

0.047 ± 0.002a

0.003 ± 0.001a

0.003 ± 0.005a

1.441 ± 0.119a

10 min

0.056 ± 0.001b

0.003 ± 0.003a

0.006 ± 0.002b

1.957 ± 0.147b

30 min

0.065 ± 0.002c

0.005 ± 0.003a

0.007 ± 0.005b

2.462 ± 0.098c

Black tea

Control

0.657 ± 0.061

0.011 ± 0.001

0.049 ± 0.005

1.039 ± 0.039

2 min

0.330 ± 0.081a

0.003 ± 0.003a

0.023 ± 0.009a

0.663 ± 0.128a

10 min

0.429 ± 0.138a

0.006 ± 0.006b

0.038 ± 0.017a

0.786 ± 0.126a

30 min

0.558 ± 0.194b

0.010 ± 0.009b

0.049 ± 0.019b

0.864 ± 0.054b

Solomon’s seal tea

Control

0.474 ± 0.163

0.054 ± 0.008

0.053 ± 0.009

0.428 ± 0.026

2 min

0.086 ± 0.017a

0.004 ± 0.004a

0.002 ± 0.003a

0.214 ± 0.022a

10 min

0.175 ± 0.121b

0.014 ± 0.014b

0.009 ± 0.003b

0.277 ± 0.041b

30 min

0.298 ± 0.118c

0.020 ± 0.004c

0.015 ± 0.003c

0.374 ± 0.041c

  1. Values with different letters in each column are significantly different with p-value (< 0.05)