Formulation of abamectin and plant oil-based nanoemulsions with efficacy against the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) under laboratory and field conditions

Applied Biological Chemistry

Table 1 Toxicity of prepared formulations against adult females of T. urticae by soybean leaf disc technique after 24 h (abamectin) and 48 h (plant oils)

Compounds	LC₅₀ (µg/ml)	Confidence limits		Toxicity index
Compounds	LC₅₀ (µg/ml)	Lower	Upper	Toxicity index
Abamectin emulsion	0.88^b	0.73	1.29	43.8
Abamectin nanoemulsion	0.35^a	0.32	0.55	100
Neem oil nanoemulsion	70.44^c	65.36	75.45	0.45
Garlic oil nanoemulsion	210.37^d	202.63	225.42	0.15

Superscript lower-case letters indicate significant differences (based on overlapping confidence limits)