Table 4 Effect of the synthesized chemical compound 3 and its coated form on the levels of antioxidant biomarkers in DEN-induced HCC in rats and therapeutic groups

GSH(µg/mgprotein)

% of change

% of improvement

3340.00 ± 67.00^a

–

–

1340.00 ± 

− 23.90^b

59.88

2200.00 ± 20.22^c

− 34.13

25.75

2700.00 ± 50.00^d

− 19.17

40.72

2650.00 ± 21.10^d

− 20.66

39.22

MDA(µg/mgprotei)

% of change

% of improvement

39.20

 ± 2.90^e

–

119.00 ± 4.00^f

 + 99.95

–

69.00 ± 4.88 ^g

 + 76.02

127.55

55.44 ± 3.22 ^g

 + 41.43

162.14

53.70 ± 2. 69 ^g

 + 36.99

166.58

SOD(µmol/mgprotein)

% of change

% of improvement

1890.00 ± 50.07 ^h

–

–

500.00 ± 20. 12ⁱ

− 73.54

–

1090.00 ± 45.00^j

− 42.33

31.22

1345.90 ± 34.20 ^h

− 28.84

44.70

1410.87 ± 44.00 ^h

 + 25.40

48.15

CAT (U/g tissue)

% of change

% of improvement

276.00 ± 14.00 ^k

–

–

52.20 ± 3.00 l

− 81.10

–

133.78 ± 10.00 ^m

− 51.53

29.55

180.00 ± 9.00ⁿ

− 34.78

46.30

167.00 ± 7.00ⁿ

− 39.50

41.59

TAC (U/g tissue)

% of change

% of improvement

2.67

 ± 0.12^o

–

0.69 ± 0.010^p

− 100.75

–

1.29 ± 0.02^o

− 51.69

22.47

1.66 ± 0.03^o

− 37.83

36.33

1.54 ± 0.06^o

− 42.32

31.84