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Fig. 2 | Applied Biological Chemistry

Fig. 2

From: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with Ligularia fischeri against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in Caenorhabditis elegans model

Fig. 2

In vitro antimicrobial activities of APDT with LFE against various pathogens. A APDT against S. aureus KCTC3881 (30 min incubation; red light intensity at 120 W/m2 for 15 min), B APDT against MRSA (30 min incubation; red light intensity at 120 W/m2 for 15 min). C APDT against P. aeruginosa (60 min incubation; red light intensity at 600 W/m2 for 1 h). D APDT against C. albicans (60 min incubation; red light intensity at 600 W/m2 for 15 min). E APDT against S. mutans (30 min incubation; red light intensity at 120 W/m2 for 15 min). F APDT against C. acnes (30 min incubation; red light intensity at 120 W/m2 for 15 min). Suspensions of S. mutans, MRSA, S. aureus, and C. acnes were treated with LFE (20 µg/mL); P. aeruginosa and C. albicans were treated with LFE (50 µg/mL). Nystatin (20 µg/mL) and vancomycin or ampicillin (100 µg/mL) were used as positive controls. The data are expressed as mean ± standard error (n = 2), and representative of at least two independences. ns indicates no statistical significance relative to the control group. Significant differences are expressed with * for p < 0.05, ** for p < 0.01, and *** for p < 0.001 relative to the vehicle control. The log reductions compared with vehicle control are presented in each column

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