Fig. 1

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be produced by (1) exogenous sources such as (air pollutions, infection, UV light, radiations, stress, and smoking); or (2) endogenous sources during the oxidation reactions of metabolic pathways in mitochondria, drugs metabolism, and inflammation. An accumulation of cellular ROS can affect or oxidize the cellular contents (cell membrane phospholipids, lipid, protein, and DNA) and thus promote pro-inflammatory mediators releasing. The oxidative cellular damage can thereby lead to formation the oxidative stress manifestation, which in turn causes many age-related diseases particularly cancer, early aging, cataractogenesis, arthritis, neurodegenerative diseases, and diabetes