Fig. 2

Cachectic immunological changes in refractory cachexia. At 23 days from C26 cell inoculation, all mice were sacrificed and their spleen was extracted. a Populations of immune cells including CD3⁺, CD4⁺, CD8⁺, T cells, NK cells and DCs. b Immune checkpoint molecules in spleen including CTLA-4 and PD-1 were analyzed by flow cytometry. The bar graph represents the fold-change values of the cachexia group versus the normal group, with standard error of the mean.*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 versus control. NK, natural killer; DC, dendritic cell; CTLA, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4; PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1