Table 1 Human gut microbiota analysis in obesity

Caucasian male obese

N/A

Hyperinsulinemic clamp. Microarray, qPCR; feces

Increased Eubacterium hallii (butyrate-producer), while significantly reduced fasting. Decreased hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity triglyceride post-fecal transplant

Vrieze et al. [57]

Obese adults

WTP diet: 1; whole grains and adlay (Coix lachrymal-jobi L.), 2; bitter melon (Momordica charantia) and oligosaccharides, 3; soluble prebiotics; guar gum, pectin, konjac flour, dietary fiber (Fibersol 2, resistant starch, hemicellulose)

Pyrosequencing of fecal

Bifidobacteriaceae increased, while Enterobacteriaceae and Desulfovibrionaceae were reduced significantly. LPS, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 decrease. Adiponectine increase

Xiao et al. [71]

17 with Prader–Willi syndrome

Diet based on whole grains, traditional Chinese medicinal foods, and prebiotics (WTP diet)

Metabolomic analysis; urine and feces. 16S rRNA gene sequencing

Not changes in Prevotella copri. Bifidobacterium and B. pseudocatenulatum increased. Concentration of acetate was increased among SCFA

Zhang et al. [72]

21 obese children

5 obese post-sleeve gastrectomy

Very low-calorie diet

16S rRNA gene sequencing

Increased Bacteroidetes. No difference in Firmicutes ratio

Damms-Machado et al. [63]

5 obese

Obese children

Dietary formula

16S rRNA gene sequencing

Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus increased

Hou et al. [67]

Children and adolescents with coeliac disease

Gluten-free diet (GFD) supplemented with 10 g oligofructose-enriched inulin

Real-Time PCR, gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector: feces

Increased Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria. The concentration of butyrate in the intestines. Decrease mucosal proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1a) and inducible β-defensins

Krupa-Kozac et al. [69]