Fig. 1

Ginseng-derived cytochrome P450 (CYP) proteins are closely related to other CYP family proteins. a Phylogenetic tree of the PgCYP76B93 (marked in red box) protein with other closely related CYP proteins from Arabidopsis and several other crops. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using the ClustalX program (neighbor-joining method). At, Arabidopsis thaliana; Sm, Swertia mussotii; Panax ginseng; Cr, Catharanthus roseus; Pg, Ht, Helianthus tuberosus. The gene Accession numbers are: SmCYP76B10 (GU168041), CrCYP76B6 (AJ251269), HtCYP76B1 (Y10098), AtCYP76C7 (AT3G61040), AtCYP76C4 (AT2G45550), AtCYP76C1 (AT2G45560), HsCYP1A2 (GI73915100), PgCYP716A47 (JN604537), and PgCYP716A53v2 (JX036031). The bar represents 0.1 substitution per amino acid position. b Sequence alignment of PgCYP76B93 with other closest homologs. Black boxes indicate identical residues, and similar residues are shaded in grey. The four red box motifs represent the oxygen-binding domain (A/G)GX(D/E)T(T/S), K-helix region (EXXR), domain C (PER), and heme-binding region (FXXGXRXCXG). Gaps were inserted to maximize homology