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Table 3 Chemical properties of the soils under the different amendments at the end of the leaf lettuce growing season

From: Effects of brewer’s spent grain biochar on the growth and quality of leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. crispa.)

Treatment

pH (1:5 H2O)

EC (dS m−1)

Av. P2O5 (mg kg−1)

Element content (%)

OM (%)

Exchangeable cations (cmolc kg−1)

C

N

K+

Ca2+

Mg2+

Control

6.06 ± 0.02c

0.26 ± 0.00bc

532.2 ± 19.4f

0.06 ± 0.01c

0.00 ± 0.00c

0.10 ± 0.01d

0.15 ± 0.01b

8.40 ± 0.20c

5.21 ± 0.13c

BSG 2%

6.53 ± 0.16a

0.37 ± 0.07b

876.2 ± 24.1c

0.34 ± 0.01c

0.04 ± 0.01c

0.59 ± 0.02d

0.18 ± 0.04ab

8.94 ± 0.63abc

5.79 ± 0.41b

BSG 5%

6.35 ± 0.08b

1.12 ± 0.21a

603.6 ± 14.2d

0.66 ± 0.38c

0.09 ± 0.06b

1.13 ± 0.66d

0.24 ± 0.02a

8.68 ± 0.35bc

5.77 ± 0.21b

BB300 2%

6.29 ± 0.06b

0.22 ± 0.02bc

580.3 ± 13.3e

0.61 ± 0.10c

0.04 ± 0.01c

1.06 ± 0.17d

0.14 ± 0.01b

9.42 ± 0.38a

6.21 ± 0.27a

BB300 5%

6.38 ± 0.11ab

0.26 ± 0.03bc

452.0 ± 11.4g

1.40 ± 0.07b

0.10 ± 0.01b

2.41 ± 0.12c

0.18 ± 0.04ab

9.01 ± 0.07ab

6.14 ± 0.09ab

BB500 2%

6.30 ± 0.07b

0.21 ± 0.00c

890.5 ± 15.2b

1.67 ± 0.23b

0.12 ± 0.02b

2.88 ± 0.40c

0.20 ± 0.09ab

9.44 ± 0.07a

6.13 ± 0.11ab

BB500 5%

6.41 ± 0.07ab

0.24 ± 0.01bc

907.3 ± 17.4a

2.96 ± 0.77b

0.20 ± 0.06a

5.10 ± 1.33b

0.18 ± 0.03ab

8.94 ± 0.19abc

6.14 ± 0.12ab

BB700 2%

6.32 ± 0.09b

0.19 ± 0.01c

573.4 ± 18.4e

1.82 ± 0.32b

0.10 ± 0.03b

3.13 ± 0.56c

0.17 ± 0.02ab

9.15 ± 0.21ab

6.11 ± 0.09ab

BB700 5%

6.42 ± 0.02ab

0.25 ± 0.01bc

566.1 ± 9.8e

3.68 ± 0.36a

0.20 ± 0.03a

6.35 ± 0.63a

0.18 ± 0.01ab

8.96 ± 0.25abc

5.74 ± 0.23b

  1. The letters denote significant differences amongst the different treatments based on the results of the Tukey posthoc tests
  2. BSG brewer’s spent grain, BBxxx brewer’s spent grain biochar (pyrolyzed at xxx℃), EC electrical conductivity, Av. P2O5 available P2O5, C carbon, N nitrogen, OM organic matter