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Applied Biological Chemistry
Fig. 2 | Applied Biological Chemistry

Fig. 2

From: Wild radish (Raphanus sativus var. hortensis f. raphanistroides) root extract protects neuronal cells by inhibiting microglial activation

Fig. 2

Inhibitory effects of wild radish extract (WRE) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production. BV-2 cells (a, c) and primary microglia (b, c) were treated with LPS (2 μg/mL), WRE (1, 10, and 50 μg/mL), or their combination; then, NO release into culture medium (a–c) and cell viability (d–f) were analyzed. The NOS inhibitor N5-[imino(methylamino)methyl]-l-ornithine citrate (l-NMMA) was used as the positive control. The data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) of three independent experiments. ###p < 0.001 compared with the control cells; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 compared with the LPS-treated cells

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