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Applied Biological Chemistry
Fig. 3 | Applied Biological Chemistry

Fig. 3

From: Wild radish (Raphanus sativus var. hortensis f. raphanistroides) root extract protects neuronal cells by inhibiting microglial activation

Fig. 3

Effect of wild radish extract (WRE) on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by microglia. BV-2 cells (a–d) and primary microglia (e–h) were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 2 μg/mL) with or without WRE (1, 10, and 50 μg/mL); then, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1β secretion were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (a, b, e, f) and mRNA expression by RT-PCR (c, d, g, h). The data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) of three independent experiments. ###p < 0.001 compared with the control cells; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 compared with the LPS-treated cells

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