Fig. 4

Effects of wild radish extract (WRE) on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, p38 phosphorylation, and neuronal cell survival. a–d BV2 cells (a, c) and primary microglia (b, d) were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with or without WRE; then, iNOS expression and p38 phosphorylation were analyzed by western blotting. The bar graphs present the quantitative results normalized to β-actin expression; ^##p < 0.01 compared with the control and *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 compared with the LPS-treated cells. e SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were cultured for 24 h with conditioned medium (CM) collected from BV-2 cells treated or not treated with LPS (2 μg/mL) or LPS plus WRE (50 μg/mL); then, cell viability was analyzed using the MTT assay. Control-CM, CM from untreated microglia; Control-CM + LPS and Control-CM + WRE, CM from untreated microglia supplemented with LPS and WRE, respectively; LPS-CM and LPS-WRE-CM, CM from LPS-treated and LPS plus WRE-treated microglia, respectively. The data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) of three independent experiments; ^##p < 0.01 compared with Control-CM and **p < 0.01 compared with LPS-CM