Fig. 3

Effect of glycolaldehyde on mitotic clonal expansion during the early phase of differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. A 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were treated in the differentiation medium containing GA (0.1, 1, and 10 μM) for 24 h, fixed with 70% ethanol, incubated with propidium iodide solution, and analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (Glycolaldehyde; GLY). The percentage of cell population at each stage was determined using Kaluza Analysis Software. B Confluent cells were treated with MDI in the absence or presence of GA (0.1, 1, and 10 μM) for 24 h. Protein expressions of p21, p27 and CDK2 were measured by western blot. C Confluent cells were treated with MDI in the absence or presence of GA (0.1, 1, and 10 μM) for 2 days. Protein expressions of c/EBP-β, SREBP-1c, FAS, adiponectin, and leptin were detected by western blot with β-actin as internal control. Data presented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05 vs. MDI treatment