Fig. 4

Effect of glycolaldehyde on MAPKs and pro-inflammatory cytokines in 3T3-L1 cells. The expressions and phosphorylation levels of signaling in the mechanisms under GA treatment were investigated. A Confluent 3T3-L1 cells were stimulated to differentiate with MDI in the absence or presence of GA (0.1, 1, and 10 μM) for 2 days. Cell lysates were collected and subjected to western blotting analysis using antibodies against the target genes (p-JNK, JNK, p-p38, p38, p-ERK, and ERK). B Adipocytes were sustained in the differentiation medium containing the various concentrations of GA for 7 days. Expressions of TNF-α and IL-6 were measured by western blotting with β-actin as internal control. C, D mRNA expression levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were determined by qRT-PCR. Data presented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05 vs. MDI treatment