Fig. 5
From: Glycolaldehyde disrupts insulin signaling and glucose uptake through adipogenesis
Effect of glycolaldehyde on insulin signaling and mitochondrial dysfunction in 3T3-L1 cells. A Confluent 3T3-L1 cells were cultured in the differentiation medium containing the indicated concentrations of GA for 7 days. Expressions of IRS-1, PI3K, and AKT were analyzed by western blotting with β-actin as internal control. B Confluent 3T3-L1 cells were simulated to differentiate with MDI in the absence or presence of GA (0.1, 1, and 10 μM) for 2 days. Cell lysates were harvested and subjected to western blotting analysis using antibodies against target molecules (mtDNA and GLUT4). C The relative fluorescence intensities of the mitochondrial biogenesis (MitoBiogenesis™ In-Cell ELISA Kit, ab110217), D ATP production (ATP Assay Kit, 119,107), and E mitochondrial membrane potential (JC-1—Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Assay Kit, ab113850) in various groups; un, MDI treated group, MDI + GA cotreated group. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. *p < 0.05 vs. MDI treatment