Table 4 Subgroup analyses of mean changes in muscle strength for HGS and physical performance for TUG, 30-SCST, and 6MWT

Mean age

 ≥ 65 years

6

1.24 (0.49, 1.99)

0.001

0

0.52

3

− 0.66 (− 1.06, − 0.26)

0.001

0

0.63

 < 65 years

6

0.02 (− 1.17, 1.21)

0.970

0

0.90

3

− 0.25 (− 0.91, 0.41)

0.460

48

0.15

Origin of the population

 Asia

8

0.74 (0.02, 1.45)

0.040

0

0.54

4

− 0.51 (− 1.11, 0.09)

0.090

51

0.11

 America or Canada

4

1.46 (0.10, 2.82)

0.040

0

0.62

2

− 0.48 (− 0.92, − 0.03)

0.040

0

0.85

Duration of the intervention

 < 12 weeks

2

1.74 (− 3.39, 6.88)

0.510

0

0.34

0

NA

 12 weeks

8

1.02 (0.31, 1.74)

0.005

0

0.47

6

 > 12 weeks

2

0.30 (− 1.13, 1.74)

0.680

0

0.61

0

Mean age

 ≥ 65 years

2

3.28 (0.64, 5.92)

0.010

91

0.001

2

35.79 (17.94, 53.65)

0.000

0

0.37

 < 65 years

3

1.36 (− 1.76, 4.48)

0.390

0

0.94

2

15.37 (− 10.94, 41.69)

0.250

0

0.71

Origin of the population

 Asia

3

4.13 (2.39, 5.87)

0.000

9

0.33

3

28.76 (4.83, 52.70)

0.020

20

0.28

 America or Canada

2

1.98 (1.28, 2.68)

0.000

0

0.70

1

30.00 (8.09, 51.91)

0.007

–

–

Duration of the intervention

 < 12 weeks

1

2.26 (− 3.58, 8.10)

0.450

–

–

0

NA

 12 weeks

3

2.97 (0.66, 5.29)

0.010

83

0.001

3

 > 12 weeks

1

1.00 (− 4.04, 6.04)

0.700

–

–

1