Table 2 Comparison of current research with other studies with different adsorbents and in different foods

Beef, lamb, chicken meats

MWCNT-Fe₃O₄

Magnetic-SPE

GC–MS

0.075–0.200 (µg/kg)

0.1–250 (µg/kg)

81.3–96.7

[41]

Tea and coffee

MWCNT-Fe₃O₄

Magnetic-SPE

GC–MS

0.040–0.084 (µg/kg)

0.050–10.000 (µg/kg)

91.1–102.3

[52]

Milk and milk powder

MWCNT-Fe₃O₄

Magnetic-SPE

GC–MS

0.040–0.075 (µg/kg)

0.050–1.000 (µg/kg)

86.1–100.3

[53]

Water sample

MWCNT

μ-SPE^a

GC–MS

0.0042–0.0465 (ng/mL)

0.1–50.0 (ng/mL)

72.3–99.2

[16]

Water sample

MWCNT

HS-μ-SPE^b

GC–FID

0.03–1.0 (ng/mL)

0.1–200 (ng/mL)

88–105

[31]

Environmental water, vegetable, and fruit juice samples

IL-MIL-100(Fe)^c

VA-d-μ-SPE^d

GC–FID

0.002–0.005 (ng/mL)

0.02–200 (ng/mL)

97.0–103.5

[46]

Environmental water samples

MWCNT

SPE

GC–MS

0.002–0.0085 (ng/mL)

0.02–5.00 (ng/mL)

76.0–125.5

[30]

Environmental water samples

CTAB/TiO₂^e

μ-SPE

HPLC–UV

0.026–0.82 (ng/mL)

0.2–100.0 (ng/mL)

75.0–114

[17]

Water samples

Nylon 6 composite

μ-SPE

UPLC-DAD

0.050–0.580 (ng/mL)

–

80–111

[50]

Environmental water samples

ZIF-8^f

μ-SPE

GC–MS

0.002–0.012 (ng/mL)

0.1–50 (ng/mL)

96.9–106.5

[14]

Water samples

MCFG^g

μ-SPE

GC–MS

0.2–1.8 (ng/mL)

0.01–100 (ng/mL)

67.5–106.9

[44]

Real water and urine samples

PFu/Fe₃O₄^h

μ-SPE

GC–FID

0.005–0.02 (ng/mL)

0.02–200 (ng/mL)

93.2–99.2

[4]

Mushroom samples

MWCNT-Fe₃O₄

Magnetic-SPE

GC–MS

0.020–0.080 (µg/kg)

0.1–250 (µg/kg)

91.2–101.7

Current study