Table 2 List of duckweeds used as pharmaceutical resources

Antibacterial activity

L. minor and S. polyrrhiza

[44, 56,57,58]

Anticancer activity

Landoltia punctata

[59]

Anti-adipogenic effect

S. polyrrhiza

[61]

Antifungal activity

L. aequinoctialis and S. polyrrhiza

[58, 69]

Antigen expression for vaccines after nuclear transformation

L. minor

[66]

Antioxidant activity

Landoltia punctata, L. gibba, L. minor, S. polyrrhiza, W. borealis, and Wolffiella caudata

[44, 59]

Colonic health improvement

Landoltia punctata

[62]

Cytotoxic activity

L. minor

[44]

Folk medicine (antiscorbutic, asthma, colds, diabetes, diuretic, febrifuge, general tonic, hives, measles, edema, rhinitis, soporific, and vitiligo)

L. minor

[12, 44]

Folk medicine (choleretic and phytoncidic activities)

L. trisulca

[12]

Folk medicine (erysipelas and leprosy)

S. polyrrhiza

[12]

Immunomodulatory activity

L. minor

[57, 60]

Monoclonal antibody production as a transgenic plant by LEX System

L. minor

[63, 64]

Monoclonal antibody production for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

L. minor

[67, 68]

Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor production

W. arrhiza

[65]