Duckweeds: their utilization, metabolites and cultivation

Applied Biological Chemistry

Table 3 List of duckweeds used as phytoremediation resources

Phytoremediation targets	Species	References
Inorganic
Ammonium	Landoltia punctata	[19]
Arsenic	L. gibba, L. valdiviana, S. intermedia, and W. arrhiza	[83, 87,88,89]
Boron	L. gibba	[11, 74]
Cadmium	L. minor and L. trisulca	[90,91,92]
Chromium	S. polyrrhiza	[93]
Cobalt	Landoltia punctata	[94]
Copper	L. aequinoctialis, L. gibba, L. minor, and L. trisulca	[84, 85, 91, 92]
Fluoride	S. polyrrhiza	[78]
Iron	L. minor	[77]
Lead	L. perpusilla	[86]
Nickel	Landoltia punctata and L. minor	[90, 94]
Nitrogen	Landoltia punctata, L. gibba, L. minuta, and S. polyrrhiza	[19, 70, 76, 79,80,81]
Phosphorous	Landoltia punctata, L. gibba, L. minuta, L. turionifera, S. polyrrhiza, and W. borealis	[70, 71, 76, 79,80,81]
Selenium	L. minuta	[45]
Sulfate	L. gibba	[76]
Zinc	L. minor and L. minuta	[45, 90]
Organic
Dairy industry processing wastewater	L. minor	[100]
Hydrocarbons in crude oil-contaminated wetlands	L. aequinoctialis	[101]
Synthetic dyes	L. minor	[102]
Wastewater	Landoltia punctate and W. arrhiza	[7, 17]
Pharmaceutical
Acetaminophen	L. turionifera and W. borealis	[71]
Antimicrobials	L. minor	[99]
Benzotriazoles	L. minor	[95]
Fluoxetine	L. turionifera and W. borealis	[71]
Ibuprofen	L. gibba	[97]
Imidacloprid	L. turionifera	[96]
Progesterone	L. turionifera and W. borealis	[71]
Sulfamethoxazole	L. turionifera and W. borealis	[71]
Tetracycline antibiotics	L. gibba	[98]