Duckweeds: their utilization, metabolites and cultivation

Baek, GahYoung; Saeed, Maham; Choi, Hyung-Kyoon

doi:10.1186/s13765-021-00644-z

Applied Biological Chemistry

Table 7 Secondary metabolites in duckweeds

From: Duckweeds: their utilization, metabolites and cultivation

		Contents	Species	References
Phenolic compounds	Flavonoids	Anthocyanin	L. gibba and S. intermedia	[83, 87]
		Apigenin	Landoltia punctata and S. polyrrhiza	[59, 131]
		Apigenin 6-C-(2″-O-trans-caffeoyl-D-malate)-β-glucoside	L. japonica	[132]
		Apigenin 7‐O‐glucoside	S. polyrrhiza	[59, 131]
		Apigenin 8‐C‐glucoside (vitexin)	Landoltia punctata, L. gibba, and S. polyrrhiza	[59, 131]
		5-O-(E)-caffeoylquinic acid	Landoltia punctata and S. polyrrhiza	[59]
		3-O-(E)-coumaroylquinic acid	S. polyrrhiza	[59]
		6,8-Di-C-β-glucosylapigenin	L. japonica	[132]
		6,8-Di-C-β-glucosylluteolin	L. japonica	[132]
		Isoorientin	L. japonica	[132]
		Isovitexin	L. japonica	[132]
		Luteolin	S. polyrrhiza	[131]
		Luteolin-6-C-glucoside-8-C-rhamnoside	Landoltia punctata and W. borealis	[59]
		Luteolin 6-C-(2″-O-trans-caffeoyl-D-malate)-β-glucoside	L. japonica	[132]
		Luteolin 6-C-(2″-O-trans-coumaroyl-D-malate)-β-glucoside	L. japonica	[132]
		Luteolin 7‐O‐glucoside	S. polyrrhiza	[59, 131]
		Luteolin-7-O-β-glucoside	L. japonica	[132]
		Luteolin-7-O-glucoside-C-glucoside	Landoltia punctata, W. borealis, and Wolffiella caudata	[59]
		Luteolin 8‐C‐glucoside (orientin)	S. polyrrhiza and W. borealis	[59, 131]
		Luteolin-8-C-glucoside-6-C-rhamnoside	Landoltia punctata, L. gibba, W. borealis, and Wolffiella caudata	[59]
		Luteolin-8-C-glucoside-6-C-xyloside	Landoltia punctata, L. gibba, and W. borealis	[59]
	Hydroxycinnamic acids	Caffeic acid	L. aequinoctialis and W. arrhiza	[17, 133]
		Cinnamic acid	S. polyrrhiza	[134]
		m-Coumaric acid	L. aequinoctialis	[133]
		p-Coumaric acid	L. aequinoctialis, L. minor, and W. arrhiza	[17, 123, 133]
		Ferulic acid	L. minor and W. arrhiza	[17, 123]
		Isoferulic acid	L. aequinoctialis	[133]
		Sinapic acid	L. aequinoctialis	[133]
	Tannin	Tannin	L. aequinoctialis, L. minor, and S. polyrrhiza	[28, 58, 69]
Terpenoids	Diterpenoid	Neophytadiene	W. arrhiza	[17]
	Triterpenoids	Δ5-Avenasterol	W. microscopica	[9]
		Campesterol	L. aequinoctialis, L. minor, S. polyrrhiza, W. arrhiza, and W. microscopica	[9, 17, 124, 133, 134]
		Cycloartenol	W. microscopica	[9]
		24-Methylenecycloartan-3-one	W. arrhiza	[17]
		Saponin	L. minor and S. polyrrhiza	[28, 42, 58]
		β-Sitosterol	L. aequinoctialis, S. polyrrhiza, W. arrhiza, and W. microscopica	[9, 17, 133, 134]
		δ-Sitosterol	L. minor	[124]
		Stigmasterol	L. aequinoctialis, L. minor, S. polyrrhiza, W. arrhiza, and W. microscopica	[9, 124, 133, 134]
		Squalene	S. polyrrhiza	[134]
	Tetraterpenoids	α-Carotene	L. gibba	[120]
		β-Carotene	L. gibba, L. minor, and W. microscopica	[9, 30, 112, 120]
		Loliolide	L. minor	[124]
		Lutein	L. gibba and W. microscopica	[9, 112, 120]
		Lycopene	L. gibba	[120]
		Violaxanthin	L. gibba and W. microscopica	[9, 112, 120]
		Xanthophyll	L. gibba	[120]
		Zeaxanthin	L. gibba and W. microscopica	[9, 112]

L. Lemna, S. Spirodela, W. Wolffia

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