Table 8 Culture conditions of duckweeds
From: Duckweeds: their utilization, metabolites and cultivation
Culture volume | Culture scale | Culture medium | Species | pH/light/temperature/culture period | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 ≤ 50 mL | |||||
 10 mL | Magenta vessel | 1/2 SH | L. turionifera | pH 6.0/23 °C in light/21 °C in the dark | [96] |
 10 mL | Petri dish (60 × 10 mm) | 1/2 SH | L. turionifera | 23.8–29.7 °C in light/21.5 °C in dark/4 days | [140] |
 50 mL | Petri dish | 1/2 Hutner | L. minor and L. minuta | 6, 10, 20, 30, 40, 90,150, 250, 400, or 1000 μmol m−2 s−1/20 °C | [141 |
50–100 mL | |||||
 100 mL | Petri dish (100 × 15 mm) | Hoagland | Lemna sp., Spirodela sp., Wolffia sp., Wolfiella sp. | pH 5.8/40 μmol m−2 s−1/23 °C / 2 weeks | [161] |
 100 mL |  | 1/2 SH | Landoltia spp., Lemna spp., Spirodela spp., Wolffia spp., and Wolffiella spp. | pH 6.5/20 or 500 μmol m−2 s−1/25 °C/1 week | [75] |
 100 mL | Erlenmeyer flask (250 ml) | Hoagland | L. minor | pH 5.8/120 μmol m−2 s−1/22 °C | [104] |
 100 mL | Erlenmeyer flask (500 ml) | SH | L. gibba and S. polyrrhiza | 80 μmol m−2 s−1/24 °C | [107] |
 100 mL | Magenta vessel (77 × 77 × 97 mm) | Synthetic dairy wastewater or 1/2 Hutner | L. minor | pH 4.5–5 / 80.82 μmol m−2 s−1 / 21 °C / 1 week | [100] |
100–500 mL | |||||
 180 mL | Erlenmeyer flask (300 mL) | Modified SH | Landoltia spp., Lemna spp., Spirodela spp., Wolffia spp., and Wolffiella spp. | pH 5.5/100 μmol m−2 s−1/25 ± 1 °C/1 week | [4] |
 250 mL | Flask (500 mL) | Hoagland | L. minor | pH 7.0/75 μmol m−2 s−1/28 °C/10 days | [142] |
500–1000 mL | |||||
 600 mL | Glass beaker (2 L) | 1/2 MS | S. polyrrhiza | pH 5.8/5000 l×/25 ± 1 °C | [149] |
|  | Plastic box (750 mL) (12.5 × 12.5 × 4.2 cm) | SH or tap water | L. aequinoctialis and S. polyrrhiza | pH 5.8/110 μmol m−2 s−1/25 °C/1 week | [105] |
 1000 mL | Crystallizing dish (1200 mL) (150 × 75 mm) | SH | L. gibba | pH 5.5/100, 200, 500, or 700 μmol m−2 s−1/25 °C / 4 days | [112] |
1 L <  | |||||
 2.3 L | Glass vessel (2.5 L) | Influent wastewater or 1/50 Hutner | L. minor and W. arrhiza | pH 7.1 / 50 μmol m−2 s−1 / 25 ± 0.5 °C / 1 week | [150] |
 2.5 L | Plastic vessel (3 L) | 1/2 Hoagland | L. gibba | pH 6.0–7.0/outdoor light (Sde Boker, Israel)/25 ± 6 °C | [11] |
 10 L | Polyethylene container (45 × 30 × 20 cm) | Modified Hoagland | S. intermedia | pH 6.5/250 μmol m−2 s−1/25 ± 2 °C | [83] |
 320 × 101 L | Polyethylene mesocosm (2 × 4 × 0.4 m) | Natural drainage water or underground water | L. gibba | pH 5–9/outdoor light/25–35 °C | [73] |
 126 L and 100 × 103 L | Cemented outdoor tank (1.2 × 0.35 × 0.3 m) or cemented pond (20 × 10 × 0.5 m) | Organic manure and inorganic fertilizer | S. polyrrhiza | pH 6.98–7.91 or pH 7.76–8.30/26.0 μmol m−2 s−1/9.4–26.7 °C or 30.5–33.0 °C/10 days | [54] |
 180 × 103 L | Outdoor pond (300 m2 × 0.6 m) | Pig effluent lagoon or well water | S. polyrrhiza | pH 8.4 or 7.2/2.89 mmol m−2 s−1/20–30 °C | [106] |
 7620 × 103 L | Artificially designed pond (518 × 12 × 0.3 m) | Ground water, surface water, and well water | Lemna spp. | Direct or indirect sunlight (Florida, United States) | |