Fig. 1

Effect of Cd(II) on germination. A–E Images of plants grown in the Murashige and Skoog (MS) solid media with 0, 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg/L of CdCl₂ for 7 days. F Quantification of the germination rates (Number of germinated seeds/total number of seeds planted) in these plants (n > 300). Error bars indicate standard deviation (SD). Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences between the corresponding samples and their control (p value < 0.01, t-test). Scale bars = 1 cm