Fig. 4

Effect of Cd(II) on lateral root formation. A, B Images showing lateral root formation in the plants grown in the MS solid media with 0, 1, 5, and 10 mg/L of CdCl₂ for 2 weeks (A), and their high magnification images (B). Red lines in (A) indicate lateral root forming zones. C, D Quantification of the number of lateral roots (C) and the size of lateral root forming zone in these plants (D) (n > 30). Error bars indicate SD. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences between the corresponding samples and their control (p value < 0.01, t-test). E Visualization of green fluorescent signals in DR5::VENUS grown in the MS solid media with 0, 1, 5, and 10 mg/L of CdCl₂ for 1 week. Green and red fluorescent signals indicate VENUS and propidium iodide signals, respectively. Arrows and arrowheads indicate the auxin response in root tips and vascular tissues, respectively. Scale bars = 1 cm in (A), 0.5 cm in (B), and 25 μm in (E)