Table 1 Summary of in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Cinnamomum cassia and its compounds
Author, Year Country | Cell type | Inflammation-induced methods | Intervention (pre-treatment) | Outcome measures | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Types and form of herb | Extraction method | Dose | ||||||
H. pylori-induced model | ||||||||
 Zaidi 2012 [24] Pakistan | AGS cell | H. pylori, TNF-α | Total plant extracts | Cinnamomum cassia | 70% EtOH | 50, 100 μg/ml | IL -8 level, ROS level | |
 Muhammad 2015 [25] Pakistan | AGS cell, MKN-45 cell | H. pylori | Compound | Cinnamaldehyde | NA | 32.1 to 125 μM | IL-8 level, NFκB activity | |
In vitro and in vivo gastritis model | ||||||||
 Jung 2011 [26] Korea | H. pylori | NA | Total plant extracts, Compound | Cinnamomi Ramulus, Compounds a | 70% EtOH | NA | Antioxidant activity(DPPH), acid-neutralizing capacity, anti- H. pylori antibacterial activity | |
LPS-induced model | ||||||||
 Hong 2002 [27] Korea | Raw 264.7 cell | LPS | Total plant extracts | Cinnamomum cassia, Cinnamomum loureirii | 100% MeOH | NA | NO production, COX-2 activity | |
 Yu 2012 [28] Korea | Raw 264.7 cell, peritoneal macrophage | LPS | Total plant extracts | Cinnamomum cassia | 95% EtOH | 0–100 μg/ml | NO production, PGE2 production, COX-2 activity, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α), NFκB activity, MAPK activity (ERK, JNK, p38) | |
 Reddy 2004 [29] Korea | Raw 264.7 cell | LPS | Compound | Cinnamaldehyde, 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde | 80% MeOH | 25 to 100 μM | NFκB activity | |
 Lee 2005 [30] Korea | Raw 264.7 cell | LPS | Compound | 2’-hydroxycinnamaldehyde | NA | 5, 10, 20, 40 μM | NO production, COX-2 activity, NFκB activity, pro-inflammatory cytokine level (TNF-α) | |
 Hwang 2011 [31] Korea | BV-2 cell | LPS | Compound | 2’-hydroxycinnamaldehyde, 2’-benzolyoxycinnamaldehyde | NA | 2 μM, 1 μM | NO production, pro-inflammatory cytokine level (TNF- α, IL-1β), NFκB activity, MAPK activity (ERK, JNK, p38), LRP1 level | |
 He 2016 [32] China | BV-2 cell | LPS | Compound | Compounds b | 85% EtOH | NA | Structural analysis, NO production | |
 He 2016 [33] China | BV-2 cell | LPS | Compound | Compounds c | 85% EtOH | NA | Structural analysis, NO production | |
 Fu 2017 [34] China | BV-2 cell, PC12 cell | LPS | Compound | trans-cinnamaldehyde | NA | 0.63 to 10 μM | NO production, COX-2 activity, pro-inflammatory cytokine level (TNF-α, IL-1β), NFκB activity | |
 Kim Na 2018 [35] Korea | Raw 264.7 cell | LPS | Compound | trans-cinnamaldehyde | NA | 25, 50, 100 μM | NO production, COX-2 activity, pro-inflammatory cytokine level (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β), MAPK activity (ERK, JNK, p38) | |
 Park 2021 [36] Korea | C2C12 cell | LPS | Compound | tran-cinnamaldehyde | NA | 10, 20 μM | NO production, PGE2 production, NFκB activity, pro-inflammatory cytokine level (TNF-α, IL-6), ROS level, Formation of TLR4/LPS complexes | |
 Lee 2002 [37] Korea | Raw 264.7 cell | LPS IFN- | Total plant extracts, compound | Cinnamomum cassia, trans-cinnamaldehyde | MeOH | 1, 5, 10 mg/ml / 0.1, 0.5, 1 μg/ml | NO production | |
 Tung 2010 [38] Taiwan | Raw 264.7 cell | LPS | Total plant extracts, compound | Cinnamomum osmophloeum, compounds d | essential oil, hot water | 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 μg/ml | NO production | |
 Schink Naumoska 2018 [39] Germany | THP-1 cell, HEK-TLR2/4 cell | LPS | Total plant extracts, compound | Cinnamomum verum, Compounds e | 70% EtOH | 0.3–3% 25 μg/ml | IL-8 level, TLRs activity, NFκB activity | |
 Adewoyin 2015 [40] Malaysia | Raw 264.7 cell | LPS | Processing compound | Cinnamate-zinc layered hydroxide | NA | 2.5, 5, 10 μg/ml | NO production, COX-2 activity, pro-inflammatory cytokine level (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10), NFκB activity | |