Table 2 Prebiotics-incorporated studies on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
Prebiotic | References | Subject | Treatment | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Inulin | Wei, Wenchao 2021 [50] | C57BL/6 mice fed choline-deficient HFD and HFHC diet | 10% w/w of the diet for 16 weeks | ↑ Bacteroides and Parabacteroides distasonis ↑ Pentadecanoic acid in stool and serum ↓ NASH |
Bao,Ting 2020 [51] | C57BL/6 mice fed HFD | 5 g/kg/daily oral administration for 14 weeks | ↑ Akkermansia and Bifidobacterium ↓ Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio ↓ HFD- induced increase in body and liver weights ↓ Total Cho, TG, AST, ALT serum levels ↓ Hepatic steatosis and inflammation | |
Aoki, Ryo 2021 [52] | C57BL/6 mice fed high-fat, high-fructose, and high-cholesterol diet | 10% w/w of the diet for 20 weeks | ↑ Bacteroides and Blautia ↑ SCFAs, especially acetate ↓ Hepatic steatosis and fibrosis Require the acetate receptor, FFAR2 | |
Wang, Rui 2022 [54] | C57BL/6 mice fed HFD | 5 g/kg/daily oral administration for 14 weeks | ↑ Excretion of abnormal bile acid via activation of FXR–FGF-15 signaling ↑ Bile acid de novo synthesis ↓ NAFLD | |
Chambers, Edward S 2019 [53] | Adults with NAFLD | 20 g/d of inulin | ↑ Colonic acetic acid ↑ Intrahepatocellular lipids | |
FOS | Takai, Atsuko 2020 [55] | C57BL/6 J mice were subcutaneously injected with monosodium glutamate | 5% FOS via drinking water for 18 weeks | ↑ Fecal and serum concentrations of SCFAs ↓ Hepatic steatosis and inflammation ↓ Hepatocyte ballooning, crown-like structures, and M1 macrophages infiltration |
Borges Haubert, N. J 2015 [56] | Rats fed high-carbohydrate diet | 10/100 g diet for 20 d | ↓ Total mean fat in liver and heart tissue ↓ Hepatic and cardiac steatosis | |
Matsumoto, K 2017 [57] | C57BL/6 J mice a methionine–choline-deficient diet | 5% FOS in drinking water for 3 weeks | Maintains healthy microbiota ↑ Fecal SCFAs and IgA concentration ↓ Hepatic steatosis and inflammation ↓ CD14+ Kupffer cells and TLR-4 expression | |
β-glucan | Vu, Vuong 2021 [5] | C57BL/6 J mice fed HFD and 3% DSS in drinking water | 3 g/kg diet Schizophyllum commune β-glucan for 12 weeks | Maintains healthy microbiota ↑ Fecal SCFAs ↑ Gut barrier against DSS ↓ Hepatic steatosis and inflammation |
You, S 2013 [58] | Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 1.5 mg/kg body weight per day for 6 weeks | Goat β-glucan 1, 5, and 10% added to diet | ↓ Serum endotoxin and glucose levels, and insulin resistance caused by LPS ↓ Plasma AST and ALT levels ↓ Hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis | |
Aoki, Shiho 2015 [59] | Specific pathogen-free C57BL/6 N mice fed on HFD | Aureobasidium pullulans β-glucan was given orally for 16 weeks | ↓ HFD-induced high cholesterol, ALT, and TG levels ↑ CYP7A1 gene expression | |
Ikewaki, Nobunao 2022 [60] | STAM C57BL/6 J mice model of NASH | 1 mg/kg oral administration of Aureobasidium pullulans β-glucan for 8 weeks | ↓ Hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis ↓ NAFLD | |
Huang, T 2020 [61] | C57 BL/6 J male mice fed MCD diet | 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg/day oral gavage of baker’s yeast β-glucan for 8 weeks | ↓ Serum ALT and AST levels ↓ Hepatic steatosis and inflammation |