Effects of SCFAs and TMAO on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease indicating the therapeutic benefits of plant-based diet, and supplemental prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics

Vu, Vuong; Kim, Young Mee; Cho, Moonjae

doi:10.1186/s13765-022-00755-1

Applied Biological Chemistry

Table 3 Probiotics-incorporated studies on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

From: Effects of SCFAs and TMAO on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease indicating the therapeutic benefits of plant-based diet, and supplemental prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics

Probiotic	References	Subject	Treatment	Results
VSL#3	Alisi, A. 2014 [65]	Obese children with NASH	1 sachet/day for < 10-year-old and 2 for > 10-year-old children in VSL#3 provided by VSL Pharmaceuticals Inc (Towson, MD, USA) for 4 months	↓ BMI ↑ GLP-1 and activated GLP-1 ↓ NASH
	Velayudham, A 2009 [66]	C57BL/6 mice fed MCD diet	VSL#3 (450 billion colonies/ in 1 L of drinking water) for 10 weeks	(-) MCD-induced hepatic steatosis and inflammation (-) MCD-induced serum endotoxin and TLR4 signaling components expression ↓ Liver fibrosis ↓ Hepatic collagen and a-sma ↑ BAMBI, TGF-β pseudoreceptor
	Chong, Pui Lin 2021 [67]	Patients with NAFLD	2 sachets VSL#3 probiotic twice daily for 10 weeks	(-) Biomarkers of cardiovascular risk and liver injury
	Derosa,Giuseppe 2022 [68]	Patients with NAFLD	2 sachets VSL#3 per day for 3 months	(-) BMI, circumference, plasma glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, and adiponectin ↓ TG and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ↓ Transaminases and gamma-glutamyl transferase ↓ Hepatic steatosis and inflammation
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG)	Ritze, Yvonne 2014 [70]	C57BL/J6 mice fed HFD	LGG (5.2 × 10⁷ CFU/g body weight) daily in water and diet	↑ Beneficial bacteria in the distal small intestine ↓ Portal LPS, hepatic TNF-α, IL-8R, and IL-1β mRNA expression levels ↓ Hepatic steatosis and portal ALT levels
	Mei, Lu 2015 [69]	Sprague–Dawley rats fed HFD	LGG and Lactobacillus plantarum (2 × 10¹⁰ CFU/mL in 0.9% NaCl per day) for 5 months	↓ Serum lipid levels and hepatic steatosis ↑ CYP7A1, LDL receptor, FXR, and PPAR-α levels ↓ PPAR-γ and SREBP-1c levels ↑ Intestinal tight-junction protein levels
	Vajro, P 2011 [71]	Obese children with persisting hypertransaminasemia and US bright liver	LGG (12 × 10⁹ CFU/day) for 8 weeks	↓ ALT and antipeptidoglycan-polysaccharide antibodies (-) BMI, visceral fat, US bright liver parameters
Bifidobacterium and/or Lactobacillus	Yan, Yan 2020 [73]	Male Wistar rats fed HFD	Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis V9 (1 × 10⁹ CFU oral gavage) for 4 weeks	↓ HFD-induced serum ALT, AST, and glucose levels and hepatic steatosis ↓ Hepatic TG, FFA, and transcription of SREBP-1c and FAS ↓ inflammatory cytokine, hepatic TLR4, TLR9, NLRP3, and ASC mRNA, and activation of ERK, JNK, AKT, and NF-κB levels ↑ Glycogen levels ↑ Phosphorylated AMPK and PPAR-α
	Lee, N. Y 2021 [74]	C57BL/6 J mice fed a western diet	L. acidophilus, L. fermentum, L. paracasei, and L. plantarum (10⁹ CFU/g diet) for 8 weeks	↓ Liver/body weight ratio ↓ Cholesterol levels ↓ Hepatic steatosis
	Lee, N. Y 2020 [75]	C57BL/6 J mice fed a western diet	L. bulgaricus, L. casei, L. helveticus, and P. pentosaceus KID7 (10⁹ CFU/g diet) for 8 weeks	↓ Liver/body weight ratio ↓ Cholesterol levels ↓ Hepatic steatosis and inflammation

AKT protein kinase B, ALT alanine aminotransferase, AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase, ASC apoptosis-associated speck-like protein, AST aspartate transaminase, BAMBI BMP and activin membrane-bound inhibitor, BMI body mass index, CFU colony-forming unit, CYP7A1 cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase, ERK extracellular signal‐regulated kinase, FXR farnesoid X Receptor, GLP Glucagon-like peptide, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HFD high-fat diet, IL interleukin, JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinase, LDL low density lipoprotein, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LGG Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, LPS lipopolysaccharide, MCD methionine-choline deficient, NAFLD non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NASH nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, NF-κB Nuclear factor kappa B, NLRP3 NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3, PPAR peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, SREBP-1c sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 isoform c, TG Triglycerides, TLR toll-like receptor, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor alpha, US ultrasound
A positive or upward effect is denoted by (↑), a negative or downward effect is denoted by (↓), and an insignificant effect is denoted by ( −)

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