Table 4 Synbiotics-incorporated studies on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

Inulin + Probiotics

Bakhshimoghaddam, F 2018 [76]

Patients with NAFLD

1.5 g inulin and 10⁸ CFU of Bifidobacterium animalis/mL in 300 g yogurt for 24 weeks

↓ NAFLD grade

↓ ALT, AST, ALP, γ-glutamyl-transferase levels

Javadi, Leila 2017, 2018 [77, 78]

Patients with NAFLD

Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus acidophilus (2 × 10⁷ CFU/day) and inulin (10 g/day)

↓ BMI, AST, TNF-α, high-sensitive C-reactive protein levels

↑ Serum levels of total antioxidant capacity

FOS + Probiotics

Asgharian, Atefe 2016 [79]

Patients with NAFLD

500 mg capsule per day of FOS from seven strains of probiotics for 8 weeks

↓ NAFLD grade

(-), and AST and ALT levels

Mofidi, Fatemeh 2017 [80]

Patients with NAFLD with normal or low BMI

125 mg FOS and

2 × 10⁸ seven strains of probiotics per day for 28 weeks

↓ Hepatic steatosis and fibrosis

↓ Serum levels of fasting blood sugar, TG, and inflammatory mediators

Scorletti, E 2020 [81]

Patients with NAFLD

FOS 4 g/twice a day and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis BB-12 (10¹⁰ CFU/day)

↑ Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium

↓ Oscillibacter and Alistipes

(-) liver fat, liver fibrosis markers

β-glucan + Probiotics

Vu, Vuong 2021 [5]

C57BL/6 J mice fed HFD

3 g β-glucan and 15 g of bacterial concoction in 1 kg diet

↓ DSS-induced UC

↓ UC-associated hepatic steatosis, inflammation,

(-) body weight, and AST and ALT levels