Fig. 1

Evaluation of C-to-G base editing in rice protoplasts. a Construction of C-to-G base editors. XTEN, a 16-aa linker; UGI, uracil glycosylase inhibitor; UNG, E. coli uracil glycosylase. b Target sequences. c Average C-to-G base editing efficiencies at C6 positions of four targets. Control, PEG-treated protoplasts. The p values were determined by two-tailed Student’s t-test. ns, not significant (p > 0.05); **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. d Frequencies of C-to-T and -G conversions at OsCKX2. e Frequencies of C-to-G or -T conversions using PcCGBE and PBE at all cytosines in four targets. f Indel frequencies in four targets. g Three replicas of C-to-D ratios at C6 positions of four targets. In (c), (d), (e), and (f), Values are the mean ± SEM. In (d) and (f), statistical differences were tested using one-way ANOVA analysis (n = 3). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001