Table 4 Anti-diabetic, anti-lipidemic, and antioxidative properties of medicinal plants used for treating DM in Uganda based on global scientific investigations
Plant | Part used | Extracts/formulation | Dose and route of administration | Test modal | Activity | Result | Active phytochemicals and toxicity information | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray | Leaf | Ethanol | 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | STZ rat | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Blood glucose and ↓polyphagia | [156] | |
Leaf | Aqueous fraction | 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | Alloxan rat | Anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant | ↓ Blood glucose, ↑ serum insulin, ↓ oxidative damage of β-cells, and ↑ Immunoexpression of GLUT2 | [157] | ||
Aerial part | Isolates | 10 µg/mL | In vitro | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↑ glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes | Monoterpene (1S,2R,3R,5S)-2-hydroxymethyl-6,6-dimethylbicyclo [3.1.1] heptane-2,3- diol and sobrerol | [125] | |
Leaf | Aqueous and n-butanol extracts | 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg body weight | Alloxan mice and In vitro | Anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant | ↓ Blood glucose, ↑ serum insulin, ↓ the liver and pancreatic injuries, showed antioxidant and free radicals scavenging activities | [158] | ||
Isolates | In vitro | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Insulin resistance and ↑ PPARγ activity | Sesquiterpene lactone, thyrotundin, and tagitinin A; aerial parts exhibited cytotoxicity against cells from the human fetal lung fibroblast cell line; aerial part ethanol extract showed dose and time dependent toxic effect on the kidney and liver morphology in rats with LD50 > 1600 mg/kg/ day | ||||
Erythrina abyssinica DC | Stem bark | Aqueous | 500 mg/kg body weight | Guinea pigs administered glucose solution | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Postprandial plasma glucose levels | [161] | |
Stem bark | Aqueous | 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg body weight (i.p) | Alloxan Wistar rats | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Blood glucose levels | [162] | ||
Stem bark | Isolates | In vitro | Anti-hyperglycemic | Inhibited PTP1B activity | Flavanones | [163] | ||
Stem bark | Isolates | 10 μM | In vitro | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | ↑ AMPK activation by stimulating the phosphorylation | Erythribyssin N and three other unnamed compounds; seed is reported to be poisonous; root extract produced oral LD50 of 776.2 mg/kg in mice and showed dose dependent acute toxicity | ||
Moringa oleifera Lam | Seed | Powder | 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | STZ Albino rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | ↓ FBG, ↓ lipid peroxide lipid, ↓ HbA1c, ↓ antioxidant enzymes, alleviated the pathological changes in the kidney and pancreas tissues to physiological levels | [166] | |
Leaf | Aqueous | 200 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | STZ Sprague–Dawley rats | Antioxidant | ↓ FBG, ↓ glutathione, ↓ ROS, ↓ malondialdehyde, and alleviated the pathological changes in the kidney | Intake is safe at levels ≤ 1000 mg/kg body weight | ||
Seed | Oil | 2.0 mL/kg body weight (p.o) | Alloxan Wistar rats | Anti-hyperlipidemic | ↓ Cholesterol, ↓ LDL, ↓ TG, ↓ serum total bilirubin, ↓ TP, ↓urea, and ↓ creatinine | [169] | ||
Leaf | Methanol | 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | STZ Wister rats | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ FBG, ↓ bodyweight gain, ↓ plasma albumin, and ↑ glucose tolerance | [170] | ||
Leaf | Aqueous | 50 µl and 100 µl | In vitro | anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant | Inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities, and radical scavenging activities, | Phenolics | [171] | |
Leaf | 1 g and 2 g (p.o) | Pilot clinical study | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Postprandial glycemia | [172] | |||
Leaf | Powder | p.o | Clinical | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Serum glucose and ↓ LDL | [173] | ||
Persea americana Mill | fruit | Juice | 1,264 and 1,896 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | STZ Wister rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | ↓ bodyweight, ↓ FBG, and ↓ LDL, and ↑ HDL | [174] | |
Fruit | Oil | 5–20% (p.o) | Glucose tolerance and insulin resistance Wistar rats | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ blood glucose levels and ↓ insulin resistance | [175] | ||
Seed | Methanol | 300 and 600 mg/kg body weight | Alloxan Wistar rats | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ FBG, ↑ insulin, ↑ c-peptide, and ↑ β-cell function, and ↓ insulin resistance | Seed ethanol extract showed no genotoxic activity in micronucleus test. Acute toxicity study revealed a relatively low LD50 for seed extract of 751.6 mg/kg body weight | ||
Seed | Aqueous | 20, 30, 40 g/L (p.o) | Alloxan Wister rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and organ protective effect | ↓ Blood glucose and exerted protective effects on kidneys, pancreas, and liver | [179] | ||
Seed | Powder | 500 mg (p.o) | Fructose- fed insulin resistance Wister rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | ↓ LDL, ↑ HDL, ↓ ALT, ↓ bilirubin, ↓ FBG, ↓ HbA1c, improved coronary risk index and fasting insulin resistance index | [131] | ||
Leaf | Hydroalcohol | 0.15 and 0.3 g/kg bodyweight/day (p.o) | STZ Wister rats | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Blood glucose levels and mitigated the dysregulated metabolism, and activated serine-threonine kinase Akt | Leaf chloroform–methanol extract of 1900 and 2600 mg/Kg body weight showed no obvious sign of toxicity in mice | ||
Leaf | Hydroalcohol | 100 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | STZ Wister rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | ↓ Blood glucose, ↑ total cholesterol, and ↑ HDL | [182] | ||
Leaf | Methanol | 10 μL | In vitro | anti-hyperglycemic | Inhibited α-glucosidase, aldose reductase, maltase-glucoamylase, and aldehyde reductase activities | [120] | ||
Leaf | Aqueous | 125–500 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | Alloxan Wistar rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | ↓ FBG, ↓ hyperlipidaemia, ↓ AST, ↓ urea, ↓ TP, ↓ ALB, ↓ ALT, and ↓ ALP | [183] | ||
Vernonia amygdalina Del | Leaf | Methanol | 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | Alloxan Wistar rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | ↓ Blood glucose, ↓ LDL, and ↑ body weight | [184] | |
Leaf | Aqueous | 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 µg/ml | In vitro | anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | Inhibited α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase activities, and ↑ muscle glucose uptake | Aqueous leaf extract showed no acute hepatotoxicity in rats with LD50 of 500 mg/kg; No toxicity signs and mortality observed at up to 5000 mg/kg body weight in rats | ||
Leaf | Ethanol | 400 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | Alloxan rats | anti-hyperglycemic | Inhibited α-amylase activity and regeneration of pancreatic beta cells | [188] | ||
Root | Ethanol | 500 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | Alloxan Wistar rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | ↓ Blood glucose, ↓ the cholesterol, ↓ serum protein, and ↓ total lipid | [130] | ||
Leaf | Ethanol | 400 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | STZ rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | ↑ Glucose tolerance, ↓ FBG, ↓ TG, ↓total cholesterol, protective effect on pancreatic β-cells, ↑ GLUT 4 translocation, and inhibited hepatic G6Pase activity | [122] | ||
Leaf | Chloroform | 1 g/kg (p.o) | STZ Sprague Dawley rats | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Serum glucose, suppression of gluconeogenesis, and ↑ glucose oxidation through the pentose phosphate pathway in the liver | Fatty acids (linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid) and phytols | [189] | |
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam | stem bark | Acetone and ethyl acetate | 400 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | In vitro and STZ Wister rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | Inhibited the α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities, ↑ insulin, ↑ glycogen, ↑ hexokinase activities, ↑ pancreatic β-cell scores, ↑ antioxidant enzymes, and ↑ glucose transporter concentration, ↓ FBG, ↓ lipid peroxidation, and ↓ glucose-6-phosphatase | Free and bound phenols | [126] |
Stem bark | Ethanol | 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | Alloxan rats | anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Weight reduction, ↓ LD, ↓ creatinine, ↓ bilirubin, ↓ urea, and ↑ albumin | [118] | ||
Leaf | Aqueous | 250 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | STZ Wister rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | ↓ Serum glucose, ↓ total cholesterol, and ↑ HDL | Aqueous leaf extract showed no adverse effects on liver function, haematological parameters, reproductive ability, and histology of the heart, lung, kidney, intestines and pancreas in rats | ||
Leaf | ethanol and n-butanol | 200 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | STZ Wister rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | ↓ FBG, ↓ TC, ↓ lipid peroxides, ↓ HbA1c, ↓ LDL, ↑ insulin, ↑ total protein, and ↑ HDL | [192] | ||
Leaf | Decoction | 96 mL (p.o) | Clinical study | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | ↓ Post-prandial blood glucose, ↓ FBS, and ↓ TC, mitigated symptoms including polyphagia, polydipsia, joint pain, polyuria, lassitude, excessive sweating, and dryness of the mouth | [193] | ||
Azadirachta indica A. Juss | Leaf | Ethanol | 200 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | STZ Wister rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | ↓ Blood glucose, ↓ TC, ↓ LDL, ↓ TG, and ↑ HDL | Neem extracts/subproducts are nontoxic or less toxic when orally administered in rats; animals only show acute toxicity when treated by intramuscular injection or the i.p route. Extracts show dose dependent subacute and subchronic toxicity at high doses thus safe at lower doses | |
Leaf and seed oil | Aqueous | 500 (Leaf extract) and 5 mL/kg (seed oil) (p.o) | Normal rabbits and alloxan diabetic rabbits | Antidiabetic and anti-hyperglycemic | Protected against the development of DM in pre-treated rabbits and ↓ blood glucose | Neem oil produced different pharmaco-toxic effects (LD50 of 14 and 24 ml/kg) in rats and rabbits respectively; suggesting a narrow margin of safety when used therapeutically | ||
Root | Ethanol | 800 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | Alloxan Wistar rats | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Blood glucose | [198] | ||
Leaf, seed, root, and stem back | Isolates | In vitro | Anti-hyperglycemic | Inhibited α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities | Limonoids, meliacinolin 1, and nimbidiol | |||
Seed | Powder | 6 g daily (p.o) | Clinical study | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ FBG and ↓ postprandial blood glucose | [200] | ||
leaf and twig | Aqueous | 125, 250, and 500 mg twice a day (p.o) | Clinical study | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ FBG, ↓ postprandial blood glucose, ↓ HbA1c, and ↓ insulin resistance | [201] | ||
Leaf | Powder | 2 g/ day (p.o) | Clinical study | Antidiabetic | alleviated the symptoms of polydipsia, polyphagia, and headache by 33%, 35%, and 38%, respectively | [202] | ||
Leaf | Aqueous | 400 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | High-fat and fructose Wister rats | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ blood glucose, ↑ serum insulin, ↑ insulin signaling molecules, and ↑ GLUT4 | [203] | ||
Psidium guajava L | Leaf | Ethyl acetate fraction | 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight (intragastric) | STZ Sprague–Dawley rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | ↓ Blood glucose, ↓ fructosamine, ↓ HbA1c, and did not affect the levels of toxicity markers, including serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and serum glutamate pyruvic transaminase | [204] | |
Fruit | 125 and 250 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | STZ Sprague–Dawley rats | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Bodyweight loss, ↓blood glucose, and ↑ insulin concentration | [205] | |||
Fruit peel | Aqueous | 400 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | STZ Wister rats | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ FBG, ↓ postprandial glucose, and ↓ urinary glucose | [206] | ||
Stem bark | Ethanol | 250 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | Alloxan Wistar rats | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Blood glucose | [207] | ||
Leaf | Methanol, aqueous, and ethanol | 50 g plant extract/l | In vitro | Anti-hyperglycemic | Inhibited α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities | |||
Leaf | 200 mg/kg/d (p.o) | STZ Kunming mice | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ FBG, ↑ glucose tolerance, ↓ insulin resistance index, ↓ serum total cholesterol, and ↓ LDL | Flavonoids | [210] | ||
Leaf | 60, 120, and 240 mg/kg body weight | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-oxidant | ↓ FBG, ↑ serum insulin and insulin sensitivity index, protected the pancreatic cells such as islet β-cells, against lipid peroxidation | Total triterpenoids | [211] | |||
Leaf | Aqueous | 200 and 400 μg/mL | In vitro | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↑ glucose uptake | [212] | ||
Cucurbita maxima Duchesne | Pulp | Powder | 5 g (p.o) | Clinical study | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ average glucose | [213] | |
Seed | petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, alcohol, and aqueous | 200 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | STZ Wister rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | ↓ FBG, ↓ blood glucose, ↓ serum total cholesterol, ↓ LDL, ↓ VLDL, ↓ TG, ↑ insulin, and ↑ HDL | Hydroalcoholic extract of seeds exhibited no acute and subacute toxicity at 5000 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg, respectively in mice | ||
Seed | Oil | 100 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | High-fat diet-induced obesity rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | ↓ Body weight gain, ↓ glucose, and ↑ insulin, and ↓ LDL | |||
Leaf | Methanol | In vitro | Anti-hyperglycemic | Inhibited α-amylase activity | [218] | |||
Pulp | Methanol | 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | STZ rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant | ↓ Serum levels of hepatic enzyme activities and oxidative stress markers, ↓ blood glucose, restored serum proteins and lipid profile | [129] | ||
Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck | Fruit | Juice | 2, 5, and 8 mL/kg (p.o) | Alloxan Wistar rats | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Blood glucose and ↑ plasma insulin | [219] | |
Fruit peel | Methanol | 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | STZ Wister rats | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ FBG, ↑ PPARγ in adipose tissues, ↑ GLUT 4, and ↑ insulin receptors | [124] | ||
Fruit peel | Ethanol and acetone | 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg body weight | Alloxan rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hypercholesterolemic | ↓ Blood glucose and ↓ blood cholesterol | [220] | ||
Leaf | Essential oil | 110 mg/kg body weight (i.p) | Alloxan rats | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ FBG and ↓ hepatic glucose, and ↑ hepatic glycogen | [221] | ||
Stem bark | Aqueous | 400 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | Wistar rats | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Postprandial glucose | [222] | ||
Seed | Oil | 1000 mg/kg body weight | Alloxan Wistar rats | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Blood glucose | [223] | ||
Bidens pilosa L | Leaf | Methanol and Polyacetylenes | 10, 50, or 250 0.5 for Polyacetylenes mg/kg body weight (p.o) | db/db mice | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Postprandial glucose, ↑ serum insulin, and ↓ glycosylated HbA1c | Polyacetylenes | [224] |
Whole plant | Aqueous | 50 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | Alloxan db/db mice | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Postprandial glucose and ↑ serum insulin | Showed no adverse effects in mice and chickens at dose 5% or less of food | ||
Whole plant | butanol fraction | 10 mg/kg body weight (i.p.) | NOD mice | Anti-hyperglycemic | Regeration of pancreatic β islets, inhibited β-cell death and leukocyte infiltration | [117] | ||
Formulation (probetacell) | 400 mg (p.o) | Pilot clinical study | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ FBG, ↓ glycosylated HbA1c, ↑ β-cell function | [25] | |||
Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f | Leaf pulp | phosphate buffered saline | 500 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | STZ Wister rats | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Blood glucose | Observed acute and subacute toxicity, cytotoxicity, and mutagenicity associated with constituent anthraquinones of whole leaf extract; produced LC50 of 3.59 µg/ml in brine shrimp and LD50 of 120.65 mg/kg in mice; LD50 of 250 mg/kg in rats; HeLa and HepG2 cells with CC50 of 413.9 and 439.0 mg/ml, respectively, after 4-h | |
Leaf pulp | Aqueous | 150 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | Alloxan Wistar rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hypercholesterolemic | ↓ Bodyweight loss, ↓ ALP, ↓ AST, ↓ ALT, ↓ cholesterol, and ↓ LDL | [232] | ||
Leaf pulp | Juice | One tables spoonful, twice a day for 2 weeks (p.o) | Clinical study | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Blood glucose and ↓ TG | [233] | ||
Leaf pulp | Phosphate buffered saline | 500 for leaf pulp and 63 for leaf gel mg/kg body weight (p.o) | STZ Wister rats | Protective effect | Mitigated hepatic damages | [234] | ||
Leaf pulp | Chloroform and methanol, and isolation | 1 μg/mouse/d of compounds 25 μg /mouse/d of extract (p.o) | T2D db/db mice | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ FBG and ↓ HbA1c | Phytosterols (lophenol, 24-ethyl-lophenol, 24-methyl-lophenol, cycloartanol, and 24-methylene-cycloartanol) | [235] | |
Annona muricata L | Leaf | Aqueous | 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | STZ Wister rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | ↓ Blood glucose, ↓ serum creatinine, ↓ AST, ↓ MDA, ↓ ALT, ↓ LDL, restored the levels of total cholesterol, TG, and SOD activity | Aqueous (LD50 > 5 g/kg), ethanol, and methanol (LD50 of > 2 g/kg) of leaves, flowers and pulp showed no acute toxicity in rats | |
Leaf | Aqueous | 100 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | STZ Wister rats | Anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic, and anti-oxidant | ↓ Blood glucose, ↓ TGs, ↓ ROS, ↓ TC, and ↓ LDL, ↑ antioxidant enzymes activities, ↑ serum insulin, ↓ lipid peroxidation | [239] | ||
Leaf | Aqueous | 100 mg/kg body weight (i.p) | STZ Wister rats | anti-hyperlipidemic | ↓ Serum TC, ↓ TG, ↓LDL, ↑ serum HDL levels and ↑ antiatherogenic index | [240] | ||
Purchased Annona liquid extract | 100 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | STZ Wister rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | ↓ Blood glucose, ↑ insulin, ↓ insulin resistance, ↓ HbA1c, ↑ total proteins, and improved activities of liver function enzymes | [241] | |||
Fruit-pulp, leaf, stem-bark and root-bark | Methanol | 100, 200, 400, 600, and 800 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | In vitro and Wister rats | Anti-hyperglycemic | Inhibited α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities | Fruits (dichloromethylenic extracts), leaves (aqueous extracts), exhibited acute neurotoxicity in rats associated with constituent annonacin and reticuline which are Acetogenins and alkaloid, respectively | ||
Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.) Kuntze ex Thell | Leaf | Ethanol and acetone | 50 g/mL | In vitro | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Blood glucose | [244] | |
Leaf | Methanol, acetone, and hexane | 100 μg/mL | In vitro | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↑ Glucose utilization | [245] | ||
Leaf | Aqueous and butanone | In vitro | Anti-hyperglycemic | Upregulated the expression levels of insulin receptor, GLUT-4, glycogen synthase, pyruvate carboxylase, and pyruvate kinase in C2C12 muscle cells, ↑ AMPK | 2-(2–4,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl) prop-2- enoic acid; Schkuhrin I and schkuhrin II; methanol extract showed low cytotoxicity against human cells; aqueous extracts showed no toxicity in mice | |||
Solanum melongena L | Skin and pulp | Aqueous | 500 μl | In vitro | Anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant | Inhibited α-glucosidase activities and showed radical scavenging activity | Aqueous fruit extract showed no acute toxicity in rats (LD50 > 3000 mg/kg/oral). However, the extract exhibited relative acute toxicity in guinea pigs [LD50: 1098] and relative toxicity in rabbits under repeat dose evaluations | |
Skin | Ethanol | 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Blood glucose levels and promoted pancreatic β cell regeneration | [249] | |||
Cap | Ethanol | 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight (i.p) | STZ Wister rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-oxidant | ↓ FBG, ↓ NO, ↓ ALT, ↓ ALP, ↓ AST, ↑ TP, and ↑ total antioxidant capacity | [250] | ||
Peels | Phenolic compounds | 100 mg/kg body weight | Alloxan rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | ↓ Blood glucose, ↓ TG, ↓ TC, ↓ LDL, ↑ HDL, ↓ SGOT, and ↓ SGPT | Phenol | [139] | |
Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam | Leaf | Ethyl acetate | 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | STZ Wister rats | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Blood glucose and ↑ insulin | Leaves ethyl acetate extract showed no acute toxicity | [251] |
Leaf | Methanol and petroleum ether | 400 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | STZ Wister rats | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Blood glucose | [252] | ||
Stem | Isolate | In vitro | Anti-hyperlipidemic | Promoted the differentiation and lipolysis of adipocytes | Aculeatin | [143] | ||
Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth | Leaf | Methanol | 400 and 600 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | Alloxan Swiss albino rats | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ FBG | Aqueous and ethanol leaf extract showed no acute and sub-chronic toxicity | |
Leaf | Ethanol | 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | Alloxan rats | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Blood glucose | [255] | ||
Germinated pigeon pea | Acetone | p.o | STZ Wister rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant | ↓ FBG and ↓ lipid peroxidation | [256] | ||
Pigeon pea beverage diet | 2.7 g/kg body weight (p.o) | Alloxan Sprague Dawley rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and hypocholesterolemic | ↓ Blood glucose and ↓cholesterol | [257] | |||
Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth | Fruit | Aqueous | 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | Alloxan mice | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Blood glucose | Exhibited genotoxicity in the micronucleus of human WBCs, in the form of structural and numerical chromosome aberrations | |
Fruit | Hexane fraction | 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | STZ Wister rats and in vitro | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | Alleviated oxidative stress, ↓ FBG, ↓ hyperlipidemic biomarkers, promoted pancreatic β-cell regeneration and ↑ glucose uptake in 3T3 L1 adipocytes | Aqueous fruit extract at low doses showed no acute and chronic toxicity in rats but high doses may cause hepatorenal toxicity in rats; methanol fruit leaf, and stembark extract showed no sub-acute toxicity at 1000 mg/ kg body weight in rats | ||
Fruit | Powder | 0.5 mL fruit powder filtered solution and 1 mL fruit powder solution | Dexamethasone rats | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Blood glucose | [262] | ||
Stem | Aqueous | 1 mL | In vitro | Anti-hyperglycemic | Inhibited α-amylase activity | Flavonoids; | [263] | |
Stem bark and leaf | Ethanol and methanol | 300 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | Alloxan rats | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ FBS, ↓ creatinine, and ↓ ALT | Stembark aqueous extract showed acute toxicity in Oreochromis niloticus (L.) (fish) | ||
Leaf and fruit | Methanol | 200 and 500 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | Alloxan Wistar rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | ↓ Blood glucose and ↓ lipid levels | [264] | ||
Cymbopogon citratus Stapf | Leaf | Tea | 0.25% or 0.5% (p.o) | STZ rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | ↓ Serum glucose, ↓ lipids, ↓ insulin resistance index, ↑ serum insulin, ↑ β-cell function, and ↑ liver glycogen | [266] | |
leaf sheath | Essential oil | 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight | Poloxamer-407 Wistar rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | ↓ Glycemia, ↓ lipid dysmetabolism, ↓ insulinemia, ↑ GLP-1, ↑ β-cell number, and ↑ islet number | Essential oils at doses less than 1,500 mg/kg body weight showed no acute and subacute toxicity in rats and also dose 2000 mg/kg body weight showed no acute and subacute toxicity in rats | ||
Leaf | Ethanol and aqueous | 200 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | Wistar rats | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Blood glucose | [270] | ||
Gynandropsis gynandra (L.) Briq | Root | Aqueous | 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Blood glucose | [271] | ||
Root | Methanol | 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | Alloxan Wistar rats | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Blood glucose | [272] | ||
Whole plant | Ethanol | 5 mg/ml | In vitro | Anti-hyperglycemic | Suppressed the inhibition of glucose diffusion | [273] | ||
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels | Seed | Chloroform, aqueous, and methanol | In vitro | Anti-hyperglycemic | Inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities | [274] | ||
Leaf | Ethanol | 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | Alloxan mice | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Blood glucose, ↑ insulin secretion, ↑ glucose tolerance, ↓ creatinine kinase, ↓ lactate dehydrogenase, and ↓ HbA1c | Hydroalcoholic leaves extract exerted no acute and chronic toxicity in rats (p.o); additionally, methanol, aqueous, ethanol extracts of leaf, seed, stem bark, and root exhibited no acute toxicity in rats | ||
Seed | Powder & ethanol | 1.25 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | STZ Long‐Evans rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | ↓ FBG, ↓ LDL-cholesterol, and ↓ atherogenic lipids | [278] | ||
Stem | Beverage | 4 mg/mL (p.o) | STZ Wister rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | ↓ Blood glucose and ↓ lipid | [279] | ||
Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr | Leaf | Aqueous | 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | STZ Wister rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | ↓ blood glucose, ↓ HbA1c, ↓ total cholesterol, ↓ serum TG, ↑ hepatic glycogen and ↑serum insulin | [280] | |
Root | Petroleum ether | 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | STZ Swiss mice | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | ↓ FBG, ↓ cholesterol, ↓ urea, ↓ TG, and ↓ creatinine | [281] | ||
Ageratum conyzoides L | Leaf | Aqueous | 500 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | Alloxan Wister rats | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ FBG | [282] | |
Leaf, stem, and root | Ethanol | 100 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | STZ rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | ↓ FBG, ↓ total cholesterol and ↓TG | Hydroalcoholic leaf extract showed no chronic hepatotoxicity in rats. The extract also showed relative safety in acute and sub-chronic toxicity tests (p.o) | ||
Leaf | Aqueous | 150, 300, 450 and 600 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | Rats | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Blood glucose and ↓ creatinine | |||
Leaf | Aqueous | 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | STZ rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | ↓ BLOOD glucose, ↑ serum insulin and ↑ protein, ↑ HDL, ↓ LDL, and ↓ TG | |||
shoot | Ethanol | 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | Alloxan rats | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ FBG | [137] | ||
Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp | Leaf | Ethanol | 50 and 25 mg/mL | In vitro | Anti-hyperglycemic | Inhibited α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities, and ↑ GLUT4 | [288] | |
Seed | Peptides | 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 ng | In vitro | Anti-hyperglycemic | Promoted Akt phosphorylation in rat skeletal muscles | Peptides | [289] | |
Seed | Oil | 200 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | Alloxan rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | ↓ Blood glucose, ↓ AST, ↓ LDL, ↓ TG, ↓ total cholesterol, ↓ ALT, and ↑ HDL | [290] | ||
sprouted | Isolates | 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | Alloxan Sprague Dawley rats | Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic | ↓ Blood total cholesterol, ↓ TG, and ↓ LDL | Proteins | [291] | |
Seeds | Methanol | 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | Swiss mice | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Blood glucose | [292] | ||
Indigofera arrecta Hochst. ex A. Rich | Leaf | Aqueous | 3.75–120 mg/kg body weight (p.o & i.p) | STZ Fischer rats | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Blood glucose and ↑ insulin | No acute and subchronic toxic effects recorded in mice | [293] |
Leaf | Aqueous | 7 mL/day (p.o) | db/db mice | Anti-hyperglycemic | Mitigated the development of obesity-associated hyperglycemia | [294] | ||
Leaf | Aqueous | p.o | Clinical study | Anti-hyperglycemic | ↓ Blood glucose, ↓ TG and ↓ aspartate aminotransferase, ↓ blood creatinine | No effects of nephrotoxicity recorded in humans | [295] | |
Oxalis corniculata L | Sprague Dawley rats | Antioxidant | Exhibited a protective effect and ↓ oxidative stress | Aqueous, methanol and ethanol whole plant extracts showed relatively mild cytotoxic activity on brine shrimp larvae (LC50 of 156 µg/ml) | ||||
Solanum indicum Roxb | Fruit | Ethanol | 100 mg/kg body weight (p.o) | Alloxan rats | Protective effect | Exhibited renoprotective properties | [145] |