Table 3 Summary of in vivo studies on DS
From: Mechanism-based biomarkers for the quality control of Dangkwisoo-san: a scoping review
Target Study | Animal (sex, age, body weight) | Inducer | Type of extracts | Administration (Frequency/period) | Experimental group | Positive control | Biomarker & outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bruise | Wistar rat (male, 180–220 g) | – | Aq | 5 ml/200 g* (Oral, 2/day, 1 day) | Normal Control (bruised) DS decoction extracts | - | Water maze test, LDH | Yeo, N. H. et al. [36] |
Bruise | Wistar rat (male, 180–220 g) | – | Aq | 5 ml/200 g* (Oral, 2/day, 1 day) | Normal Control (bruised) DS decoction DS extracts | - | GPT, GOT, LAP, ALP | Yeo, N. H. et al. [37] |
Blood stasis | Wistar rat (male, 250 g) | – | Aq | 200 mg/individual* (Oral, daily, 1 day) | Normal Control (blood stasis induced by compression for 2 h or 4 h) DS (1 h before compression) | - | Thigh circumference Thigh dermal temperature Platelet Fibrinogen Prothrombin time FDP | Lee, G. H. et al. [38] |
Hemostasis (Bruise) | Wistar rat (male, 200 g) | Aq | Decoction: 5 ml/200 g* Extract: 150 mg/200 g* (Oral, 2/day, 1 day) | Normal Control (hemostasis) DS decoction DS extract | WBC, RBC, Total protein, ALP, LDH, LAP, s-GOT, s-GPT | Lee, H. Y. [39] | ||
Subcutaneous hematoma | Wistar rat (male, 250–300 g) | Autologous blood | Aq | 125 mg/100 g* (Oral, daily, 7 days) | Normal Control (hematoma) DS | Histological analysis (H&E staining) | Kim, K. H. [40] | |
Coagulation induced by endotoxin | SD rat (male, 270–290 g) | Endotoxin | Aq | 0.1 ml/individual* (SC, daily, 3 days) | Normal Control (endotoxin) TGSS ACUP ACUP control | - | Platelets, RBC, fibrinogen, FDP, prothrombin time | Nam, S. S. et al. [41] |
Coagulation induced by endotoxin | Wistar rat (male, 200–220 g) | Endotoxin | Aq | 163.2 mg/200 g* (Oral, 4 h after endotoxin injection, 1 day) | Normal Control (endotoxin) DS Dodamtang | - | Platelets, Prothrombin, FDP (fibrinogen degradation products) | Kim, T. S. et al. [42] |
Blood pressure reduction effect | New Zealand white rabbit vein | Atropine Pheniramine Propranolol | Aq | 0.5 ml/kg*, 1 ml/kg* | Control (stimulation) DS decoction | Blood pressure measurement | Lew, J. H. [43] | |
Fracture | C57BL/6 J (male, 7w) | - | Aq | 300 mg/kg (Oral, daily, 4 weeks) | Normal (no femur fracture) Control Tramadol DS | Tramadol (20 mg/kg) | BMP2, COX2, Col2a1, Sox9, Runx2, osterix, histological analysis | |
Fracture | SD rat (male, 8–10w) | - | Aq | 500 mg/kg* (Oral, daily, 14 days) | Normal Control (fracture) DS Native copper DS + Native copper | - | ALP, ALT, AST, creatinine, histological analysis, TGF-β1 | Jung, I. M. [44] |
Fracture | SD rat (male, 8–10w) | - | Aq | 500 mg/kg* (Oral, daily, 14 days) | Normal Control (fracture) DS ACUP DS + ACUP | - | Osteocalcin, T-ALT, histological analysis, TGF-β1 | Ahn, H. L. et al. [45] |
Wound healing | Wistar rat (male, 6w) | - | 80% EtOH | 200 mg/kg* (Oral, daily, 3 weeks) | Control DS Terramycin DS + Terramycin | Terramycin | Wound healing, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, Histological analysis | Bak, J. W. et al. [48] |
Acute lung inflammation | C57BL/6 J (male, 7w) | LPS | Aq | 1 g /kg (Oral, daily, 15 days) | Normal Control (LPS) LPS + DS | - | Body weight, BAL fluid | Lyu, J. H. et al. [26] |
Analgesic, anti-inflammation, muscle relaxation | ICR mouse (18–20 g) or SD rat (180–200 g) | Acetic acid Carrageenin | 50% EtOH | 0.1*, 0.3*, 1* ml/20 g or 200 g 0.2, 0.4 ml/20 g | Control (stimulation) DS decoction | Physiological response (Paw licking time, escape time, paw edema, muscle relaxation, body temperature) | Ko, W. S. [49] | |
Traumatic brain injury | ICR mouse (male, 7w) | - | Aq | 50, 150*, 450* mg/kg (Oral, 2/day, 8 days) | Sham (craniotomy alone) Control DS | - | Beam walking test, grip strength test, NOR test, measurement of neutral injury and brain damage | Jung, J. Y. et al. (2018) [50] |
Cerebral ischemic injury | C57BL/6 J (male, 20–25 g) | - | Aq | 600 mg/kg* (Oral, 2/day, 3 days) | Veh, L-NIO Sham, Control, DS | - | Blood pressure and resting CBF, Analysis of histology, Rotarod test, eNOS, AKT, iNOS, nNOS | Kim, J. H. et al. [51] |
Liver toxicity | Wistar rat (male, 180–200 g) | Carbon tetrachloride | Aq | Decoction: 8 mg* or 16 mg*/kg Extract: 720 mg* or 1440 mg*/kg (Oral, 2/day, 1 day) | Normal Control (hepatoxicity) DS decoction DS extract | ALP, LDH, GOT, GPT, LAP, α-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase | Lim, J. G. et al. [53] |