Structural, functional, nutritional composition and analytical profiling of Triticum aestivum L.

Ammar, Mai K.; Hanafi, Rasha S.; Choucry, Mouchira A.; Handoussa, Heba

doi:10.1186/s13765-023-00804-3

Applied Biological Chemistry

Table 1 Phytochemical composition of different wheat parts and stages

From: Structural, functional, nutritional composition and analytical profiling of Triticum aestivum L.

Chemical Class	Subclass	Compound	Wheat part	Amount (represented as mean)	References
Phenolic acid	Hydroxybenzoic acid	p-Hydroxybenzoic acid	Grain	0.8 µg/g	[33, 48]
		Vanillic acid	Grain, wheatgrass	36 µg/g, 42.6 µg/g	[27, 33]
		Salicylic acid	Wheatgrass	Nd	[62]
	Dihydroxybenzoic acid	Protocatechuic acid (PCA)	Grain	Nd	[33]
	Dihydroxybenzoic acid	2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid	Grain	Nd	[33]
	Trihydroxybenzoic acid	Syringic acid	Grain, leaf	18.5 µg/g, 48.5 µg/g	[27, 33]
	Trihydroxybenzoic acid	Gallic acid	Grain, leaf	41.4 µg/g, 135 µg/g	[27, 43, 48]
	Hydroxycinnamic acid	Caffeic acid	Grain	0.4 µg/g	[33, 49]
		p-Coumaric acid	Grain, leaf	85 µg/g, 0.1024 mg/g	[27, 33]
		2-Hydroxycinnamic acid	Grain	Nd	[33]
		Ferulic acid	Grain, wheatgrass	1.711 mg/g	[33]
		Isoferulic acid	Grain, wheatgrass	Nd	[63]
		Sinapic acid	Grain, leaf	0.1 µg/g	[33, 49]
	Hydroxycinnamic acid, caffeic acid ester	Rosmarinic acid	Grain	Nd	[18]
Flavonoid	Flavone, tetrahydroxyflavone	Luteolin	Leaf	66.1 µg/g	[27]
	Methoxy-flavonoids	Chrysoeriol	Leaf	Nd	[55]
	O-Methoxyflavone	Tricin	Leaf, bran	253 µg/g, 33 µg/g	[38, 55]
	Methoxyflavone	Diosmetin	Grain	Nd	[18]
	Flavan-3-ol	( +)-Catechin	Grain	Nd	[46]
	Flavan-3-ol	Epicatechin	Grain	Nd	[18]
	Flavonol	Quercetin	Wheatgrass	Nd	[18]
	Flavonol	Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (Rutin)	Wheatgrass	73.6 µg/g	[18, 27]
	Flavanone	Naringin	Grain	nd	[18]
	Flavanone glycoside	Hesperidin	Grain	Nd	[18]
	Proanthocyanidin, flavan-3-ol	Gallocatechin	Grain	Nd	[67]
	Proanthocyanidin, flavan-3-ol	Epigallocatechin	Grain	nd	[67]
	Flavone, trihydroxyflavone	Apigenin	Leaf	175.7 µg/g	[27]
	Flavone glycoside	Apigenin-6,8-di-C-glucoside (Vicenin-2)	Grain	Nd	[31]
	Flavonoid 8-c-glycosides	Apigenin-6C- glucoside-8C-arabinoside	Grain	468.2 µg/g	[49, 55]
		Apigenin-6C-arabinoside-8C-glucoside	Grain	304.7 µg/g	[49, 55]
		Apigenin-6C-arabinoside-8C-galactoside	Grain	Nd	[55]
		Apigenin-6C-galactoside-8C-arabinoside	Grain	0.13 mg/g	[49, 55]
	Anthocyanidin glycosides	Cyanidin-3-glucoside	Grain	Nd	[55]
	Anthocyanidin-3-o-glycosides	Cyanidin-3-galactoside	Grain	Nd	[55]
	Anthocyanidin-3-o-glycosides	Peonidin-3-glucoside	Grain	Nd	[55]
Lignan	Phenylpropanoid	Matairesinol	Bran, germ	0.09 µg/g	[49, 55]
	Phenylpropanoid	Isolariciresinol	Bran	Nd	[55]
	Tetrahydrofuran	Lariciresinol	Bran	0.6 µg/g	[49, 55]
	Tetrahydrofuran	Pinoresinol	Bran	0.09 µg/g	[49, 55]
	Furanoid	Syringaresinol	Grain	3.7 µg/g	[49, 55]
Other polyphenol	Organic acid, monocarboxylic acid	Acetoacetic acid	Wheatgrass	Nd	[62]
	Organic acid, dicarboxylic acid	Glutaconic acid	Wheatgrass	Nd	[62]
	Cyclohexane carboxylic acid	Quinic acid	Wheatgrass	Nd	[62]
Vitamins	Vitamin E	Tocopherol	Grain, bran	3.91 µg/g	[39, 68]
	Vitamin E	Tocotrienol	Grain, bran	Nd	[39]
	Vitamin B3	Nicotinic acid	Wheatgrass	72.81 µg/g	[62, 68]
Carotenoid		β-Carotene	Bran, grain	0.211 µg/g	[34, 39]
		α-Carotene	Bran	Nd	[39]
		Lutein	Bran, grain	0.417 µg/g	[34, 39]
	Isomer of lutein	Zeaxanthine	Bran	0.067 µg/g	[34, 39]
		β-Cryptoxanthin	Bran	0.07 µg/g	[39, 53]
Phytosterol		β-Sitosterol	Wheat germ, bran	492.61 µg/g	[14, 55]
		Campesterol	Wheat germ, bran	45.66 µg/g	[14, 55]
		Stigmasterol	Wheat germ, bran	13.75 µg/g	[14, 55]
		Δ5-Avenasterol	Wheat germ, bran	161 µg/g	[47, 55]
Phytostanol		Sitostanol	Wheat germ	69 µg/g	[47, 55]
Phytostanol		Campestanol	Wheat germ	127 µg/g	[47, 55]
Miscellaneous	Phosphorous source	Phytic acid	Wheat flour	8 mg/g	[15, 24]
Benzoquinone compound		DMBQ	Wheat germ	Nd	[28]

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