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Table 5 Various carotenoids content of the leaf lettuce affected by the varying rates of organic amendments

From: Yield, functional properties and nutritional compositions of leafy vegetables with dehydrated food waste and spent coffee grounds

Treatments

Violaxanthin

Lutein

All-trans-β-carotene

Zeaxanthin

13Z-β-carotene

9Z-β-carotene

Others

(mg/100 g FW)

Control

0.23 ± 0.02h

2.50 ± 0.72g

2.40 ± 0.66h

0.15 ± 0.09e

0.50 ± 0.19e

0.85 ± 0.16h

2.85 ± 0.88h

N

0.26 ± 0.03g

3.52 ± 0.93f

2.53 ± 0.47g

0.11 ± 0.00f

0.53 ± 0.08d

3.41 ± 0.85a

13.53 ± 2.48a

SCGs0.5

0.39 ± 0.02f

4.29 ± 1.23e

4.18 ± 0.59f

0.17 ± 0.08d

0.61 ± 0.16c

1.16 ± 0.69f

5.17 ± 0.58fg

SCGs1.0

0.64 ± 0.06d

8.55 ± 0.67c

3.50 ± 0.96e

0.20 ± 0.04c

0.65 ± 0.23b

0.95 ± 0.25g

4.25 ± 0.98g

SCGs2.0

0.57 ± 0.05e

7.65 ± 1.29d

5.20 ± 0.90d

0.30 ± 0.08a

0.60 ± 0.18c

1.25 ± 0.50e

6.45 ± 1.77e

DFWP0.5

1.37 ± 0.12b

11.34 ± 2.12b

9.90 ± 1.45c

0.24 ± 0.09b

0.96 ± 0.24a

1.74 ± 0.44c

12.18 ± 1.89b

DFWP1.0

1.56 ± 0.09a

12.96 ± 1.83a

11.76 ± 0.99a

0.31 ± 0.02a

0.97 ± 0.21a

1.86 ± 0.79b

12.84 ± 1.67c

DFWP2.0

1.17 ± 0.20c

12.95 ± 1.78a

10.92 ± 1.91b

0.30 ± 0.06a

0.66 ± 0.13b

1.68 ± 0.38d

11.40 ± 1.68d

p-value

**

*

*

*

**

**

**

  1. Control, Untreated treatment; N, Treatment with inorganic fertilizers; SCGsx.x, Treatment applied at half the recommeded rate (0.5), the recommeded rate (1.0), and double the recommeded rate (2.0) of spent coffee grounds; DFWPx.x, Treatment applied at half the recommeded rate (0.5), the recommeded rate (1.0), and double the recommeded rate (2.0) of dehydrated food waste powder; FW, Fresh weight. Within each column, values follwed by the same letters are not significant difference at p < 0.05
  2. * and ** are used to indicate statistically significant differences at the p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively