Fig. 1

CLE improved NO and ROS production and iNOS and COX-2 expression in RAW 264.7 cells. RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were treated with CLE at 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL for 24 h. A NO was measured using Griess reagents, and CLE increased NO production. B, C ROS was measured using DCF-DA staining, and CLE increased the production of ROS. D CLE significantly improved expression of iNOS and COX-2. E Expression of iNOS, COX-2, and β-actin was detected by Western Blot and quantified by β-actin. F CLE showed no cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 cells. Mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments is shown. **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 indicate significant differences compared to control group