Fig. 2

CLE enhanced the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in RAW 264.7 cells. RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were treated with CLE at 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL for 24 h. A–C mRNA expression was analyzed via qRT-PCR, and CLE elevated mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β. D–F Protein levels were measured by sandwich ELISA, and CLE significantly enhanced protein level of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in cell culture supernatants. Mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments is shown. *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001 indicate significant differences compared to control group