Fig. 3

CLE activated the NF-κB signaling pathway in RAW 264.7 cells. RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were treated with CLE at 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL for 30 min (A) CLE induced phosphorylation of p65 in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. C CLE induced phosphorylation of IKKα/β and IκBα in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Additionally, CLE induced degradation of IκBα in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. (B, D–F) Expression of NF-κB signaling pathway proteins was detected by Western Blot and quantified. Mean ± standard deviation from three independent experiments is shown. ***p < 0.001 indicates significant differences compared to control group