Fig. 1

Effects of TP1 on the viability and morphology of Raw264.7 macrophages. a Chemical structure of TP1. b The cells were pretreated with TP1 (0, 5, 15, and 25 µM) for 30 min, followed by treatment with LPS (0.1 µg/mL) for 24 h, after which cell viability was measured using MTT assay. The data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). c To assess the anti-inflammatory effects of TP1, the cells were pretreated with TP1 (25 µM) for 30 min. Afterwards, morphological changes in Raw264.7 macrophages were examined after treatment with LPS (0.1 µg/mL) for 24 h. The data are presented as mean ± SD. Three independent experiments were performed, and representative data are presented