From: Investigation of safety and efficacy of febantel and fenbendazole in fish and exposure assessment
 | Compound | Study design (species, dosage, and admin. regime) | Results | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Toxicity | FBT | Japanese Amberjack (S. quinqueradiata & S. dumerili); 0–10 mg/kg bw/day for 5 day; feed | Concentration of FBT was dependent on cumulative mortality at the end of experiment | Kawakami et al. [18] |
Toxicity | FBT | Juvenile Japanese Amberjack (S. Quinqeradiata); 0–1000 mg/kg bw/day (6 experiments) for 3–28 day; feed | Increased mortality over 50 mg/kg bw/day; decreased growth rate in all treated groups; histopathological change in liver (absence of vacuoles) and brain (rarely Nissl bodies distribution in medulla oblongata); effective dose and duration were demonstrated: max 15 mg/kg bw/day for 10 days | Shirakashi et al. [19] |
Toxicity | FBT | Japanese Amberjack (S. quinqueradiata, S. dumerili); 0, 10Â mg/kg bw/da for 5Â day; feed (different four locations, total four trials) | No apparent avoidance to medicated feed and no signs of toxicity in treated group | Shirakashi et al. [20] |
Toxicity | FBZ | Silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus); bath at 10 mg/L for 48 h or feed at 75 mg kg bw/day for 6 day | Neither behavioral abnormalities nor adverse physical signs of toxicity were observed by bath or oral application of FBZ; no impact on survival rate by both application | Forwood et al. [36] |
Toxicity | FBT | Zebrafish embryo (Danio rerio); 0.02–2.0 mg/L for 144 hpf; WB (flow-through system) | NOEC for 0.20 mg/L at 144 hpf; EC50 [95% CI] 0.34 mg/L [0.26–0.044 mg/L] at 144 hpf | Carlsson et al. [21] |
Toxicity | FBZ | Zebrafish embryo (Danio rerio); 0.002–0.2 mg/L for 144 hpf; WB (flow-through system) | NOEC for 0.02 mg/L at 144 hpf; EC50 [95% CI] 0.024 mg/L [0.021–0.030 mg/L] at 144 hpf | Carlsson et al. [21] |
Toxicity | OXF | Zebrafish embryo (Danio rerio); 0.1–10 mg/L for 144 hpf; WB (flow-through system) | NOEC for 4.6 mg/L at 144 hpf; EC50 [95% CI] 6.8 mg/L [5.6–8.3 mg/L] at 144 hpf | Carlsson et al. [21] |
Toxicity | FBT | Tiger puffer (T. rubripes); 0, 12.5, or 25 mg/kg bw/day for 5 day; feed (total six trials) | No adverse effects observed [i.e., good appetite, all feed eaten with 5–10 min.; high survival, low daily mortality (< 0.1%)] | Kimura et al. [35] |
Toxicity | FBZ | Young and adult three-spined sticklebacks (G. aculeatus); 0–50 μg/mL for 2 or 6 day; bath *tolerance test, 1–100 μg/mL for 100 h; bath | Misshapen sporogonial plasmodia under treatment with FBZ at 5 μg/mL for 2 h, and malformation of the prespores under 1 μg/mL for 1 h; In tolerance test, no visible adverse effects or other negative effects on the vital functions or on behavior | Günter Schmahl and Jochen Benini, [32] |
Toxicity | FBT | Gyrodactylus sp. obtained from infected rainbow trout (O. mykiss); 2.5 or 10Â mg/L for 3Â h; WB (noncirculating system) | Observation of signs of toxicity at the highest concentration | Santamarina et al. [28] |
Toxicity | FBZ | Rainbow trout (O. mykiss); 25Â mg/L for 3 or 12Â h; 0.77, 1.5, 6.2, or 12.5Â mg/L for 12Â h; WB (non-circulating system) | Presence of signs of toxicity at a concentration of 25Â mg/L | Tojo et al. [29] |
Metabolism | FBT | Juvenile Japanese Amberjack (S. Quinqeradiata); 0–20 mg/kg bw/day for 5 day; feed or intubation | FBT was not detected in muscle, liver, and kidney after 1d from last treatment; FBZ and its metabolites were detected in the liver and kidney until 7d after last treatment; 20 mg/kg bw/day, higher total BL, lower TG, and lower plasma CRE observed but not change of histopathology | Shirakashi et al. [22] |
Metabolism | FBT | Tiger puffer (T. rubripes); 12.5 and 25Â mg/kg/day for 5Â day; 50Â mg/kg/day for 3Â day; feed | FBT peaked at 4Â h after admin. and decreased to 30% of the peak at 8Â h and gradually reduced thereafter in plasma; OXFSO2 peaked at 12Â h in plasma and was detected until 72Â h after admin | Kimura et al. [5] |
Metabolism | FBZ | Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus); intravenously 1Â mg/kg bw or orally 5Â mg/kg bw | FBZ was detected in muscle at all sampling time; but it appeared in urine at a low concentration; OXFSO2 was main metabolite in urine and intestinal contents | Kiztman et al. [25] |
Comparative Metabolism | FBZ | Liver tissue from catfish (young nonbreeding) at 25 or 37 | OXF was the majority; OXFSO2 with small quantities; absence of FBZNH2; no metabolic difference of temperature | Short et al. [26] |
Residue depletion | FBZ | Rainbow trout (O. mykiss); 6Â mg/kg bw/day (single) or 1.5Â mg/L (12Â h); intubation or bath | FBZ was detected in muscle until 4d after last treatment per oral; Tmax (24Â h) and sharply reduced thereafter in both routes; the concentration of skin was more than that of muscle; FBZ was detected until 1d after last treatment via bath exposure; OXF was observed in muscle up to 1d after cessation; OXF was detected in skin until 4d after cessation | Iosifidou et al. [23] |
Residue depletion | FBZ | Rainbow trout (O. mykiss); 50Â mg/kg bw/day (single); intubation | FBZ was detected in liver and muscle at 24Â h after treatment, and concentration of both organs sharply declined thereafter; appropriate withdrawal period as 497.6-degree days was confirmed | Soukupova-markova et al. [24] |
Residue depletion | FBT | Japanese amberjack (S. quinqueradiata); 10Â mg/kg bw/day for 5Â day; feed | Residues were detectable until 14Â days in liver and kidney, but not in muscle; highest concentration of residues were reported in liver followed by kidney and muscle | FSCJ [27] |
Residue depletion | FBT | Greater amberjack (S. dumerili); 10Â mg/kg bw/day for 5Â day; feed | In muscle, OXFSO2 was detectable no longer than 5Â day after cessation | FSCJ [27] |
Residue depletion | FBT | Greater amberjack (S. dumerili); 10 mg/kg bw/day for 5 day; feed | Residues were not detectable in muscle over 5d after last treatment; highest concentration: liver > kidney > muscle at 3 day after cessation; residues were detected until 14 day in liver and kidney | FSCJ [27] |
Residue depletion | FBT | Japanese pufferfish (T. rubripes); 50 mg/kg bw/day for 5 day; feed | Absence of FBT in muscle and skin after 24 h after cessation, and OXFSO2 was detectable in both tissues ranging from 0.51 to 2.64 μg/g (skin > muscle) | FSCJ [27] |
Residue depletion | FBT | Japanese pufferfish (T. rubripes); 50 mg/kg bw/day for 5 day; feed | Absence of FBT in muscle and skin; OXFSO2 was detected in one muscle sample among five samples at a concentration of 0.08 μg/g at 7 day after cessation; none of residues were observed at 14 day after cessation | FSCJ [27] |