Table 2 Pharmacological studies of febantel and fenbendazole
From: Investigation of safety and efficacy of febantel and fenbendazole in fish and exposure assessment
Compound | Study design (species, dosage, and admin. regime) | Target parasites | Results | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
FBT | Tiger puffer (T. rubripes); 25 mg/kg bw/day for 5 day; feed | – | Tmax of FBT (4 h); Cmax (0.58 μg/g); FBZ concentration in plasma was constant (i.e. 4–5 μg/g) until cessation; FBT, OXF, and OXFSO2 in plasma with negligible quantities (i.e., < 1 μg/g) | FSCJ [27] |
FBT | Tiger puffer (T. rubripes); 25 mg/kg bw/day (Single); feed | – | FBT was only detectable at below 1.8 μg/g at 4 h and absent thereafter; Tmax of total residues (FBT and its metabolites) in muscle, skin and kidney was 12 h with Cmax (~ 5.0 μg/g); Tmax of total residues (FBT and its metabolites) in liver was 4 h with Cmax (29.0 μg/g); residues were detectable until 72 h in plasma; 24 h in organs | FSCJ [27] |
FBT | Japanese Amberjack (S. quinqueradiata & S. dumerili); 0–20 mg/kg bw/day for 5 day; feed (different three trials) | H. heterocerca and Z. japonica | No apparent avoidance to medicated feed, and no signs of toxicity in all groups; effective dose and duration of FBT were demonstrated: 10 mg/kg bw/day for 5day | Shirakashi et al. [20] |
FBZ | Juvenile Rohu (Labeo ronita) infected with Dactylogyrus sp.; 20 mg/kg bw/day (single) or for 7 day (e.g. three times; 1st, 3rd, and 7th day); feed | Dactylogyrus sp. | Effective to infection of target parasite via oral admin. of FBZ at 20 mg/kg bw/day on 1st, 3rd, and 7th day | Gupta et al. [3] |
FBT | Tiger puffer (T. rubripes); 0–100 mg/kg bw/day; single or 2 day, 3 day, or 5 day; feed (three experiments) | H. okamotoi | Time to peak concentration of FBT at 4 h after administration and steadily decreased after 8 h; time to peak concentration of OXF sulfone at 12 h and detected in plasma until 3d | Kimura et al. [5] |
FBZ | Silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus); bath at 10 mg/L for 48 h or feed at 75 mg kg bw/day for 6day | Lepidotrema bidyana | Significant decrease in the number of adult L. bidyana following bath (81–100%) and oral admin. (84%–98%); juvenile L. bidyana following bath (31%–68%) and oral administration (28–76%) | Forwood et al. [36] |
FBT | Tiger puffer (T. rubripes); 25 mg/kg bw/day for 5 day; feed | H. okamotoi | Main metabolite in plasma is FBZ followed by OXF and OXF SO2; peak concentration (10.28 μg/g at 12 h), T1/2 (12.17 h), and peak concentration of FBZ sharply decline thereafter; no. of target gill fluke was significantly decreased at 4–5d after treatment; Effective dose and duration of treating immature and mature worms were demonstrated: 25 mg/kg bw/day for 5 days and WHP for 3 weeks | Kimura et al. [34] |
FBZ | Rainbow trout (O. mykiss); 25 mg/L for 3 or 12 h; 0.77, 1.5, 6.2, or 12.5 mg/L for 12 h; WB (noncirculating system) | Gyrodactylus sp. | No emergence of parasites at dosage from 1.5 to 25 mg/L | Tojo et al. [29] |
OXF | Rainbow trout (O. mykiss); 25 or 200 mg/L for 3 h; WB (non-circulating system) | Gyrodactylus sp. | No anthelmintic activity at the highest concentration | Tojo et al. [29] |
FBZ | Gyrodactylus sp. obtained from infected rainbow trout (O. mykiss); in vitro, 12.5 mg/L for 1 h, medium (petri dish) | Gyrodactylus sp. | No death of target parasite | Tojo et al. [29] |
OXF | Gyrodactylus sp. obtained from infected rainbow trout (O. mykiss); in vitro, 200 mg/L for 1 h, medium (petri dish) | Gyrodactylus sp. | No death of target parasite | Tojo et al. [29] |
FBT | Juvenile Japanese Amberjack (S.quinqueradiata or S. dumerili); 0.5–25 mg/kg bw/day for up to 10 day; WB (total seven trials) | M. seriolae | Dose of 3 mg/kg bw/day or greater for 3d is effective when FBT orally admin. at early stage of infection for preventing cyst formation and multiplication of parasites | Yanagi et al. [31] |
FBT | Gyrodactylus sp. obtained from infected rainbow trout (O. mykiss); in vitro, 1000 mg/L for 0.5 h or 1 h; medium (petri dish); In vivo, 2.5 or 10 mg/L for 3 h; WB (noncirculating system) | Gyrodactylus sp. | 100% efficacy observed when FBT treated for 1 h in vitro; no anthelmintic activities at both concentration in vivo | Santamarina et al. [28] |
FBZ | Young and adult three-spined sticklebacks (G. aculeatus); 0–50 μg/mL for 2 day or 6 day; bath *tolerance test, 1–100 μg/mL for 100 h; bath *infectivity test, 50 μg/mL for 6 h (single) or 3 × 2 μg/mL for 6 h (36 h intervals); bath | G. anomala | Infectivity test, spore infectivity was drastically lowered (no. of infected fish from 5–7 to 1–2); deep invaginations in the anterior or posterior pole of mature spores | Günter Schmahl and Jochen Benini, [32] |
FBT | Japanese Amberjack (S. quinqueradiata & S. dumerili); 0–10 mg/kg bw/day for 5 day; feed | M. seriolae | Cyst detection rate and progression of cyst formation in both species | Kawakami et al. [18] |
FBT | Japanese Amberjack (S. quinqueradiata, S. dumerili); 0, 10 mg/kg bw/da for 5 day; feed (different four locations, total four trials) | H. heterocerca and Z. japonica | Decreased infection prevalence of both fish species against gill flukes | Shirakashi et al. [30] |
FBT | Tiger puffer (T. rubripes); 0, 12.5, or 25 mg/kg bw/day for 5 day; feed (total six trials) | H. okamotoi | Gill fluke was eliminated up to 80% by treatment, but there was no difference between concentrations | Kimura et al. [35] |
FBT | Juvenile Japanese Amberjack (S.quinqueradiata or S. dumerili); ①0–10 mg/kg bw/day for 5day; WB (three trials) ② 10 mg/kg bw/day for (5 days + 2 days interval, 1 cycle), total 15 cycles | M. seriolae | Concentration of FBT depends on cumulative mortality at the end of experiment; Significant decrease in cyst detection rate and progression of cyst formation after treatment; no adverse effects observed in both tests | Kawakami et al. [18] |