Table 1 Effect of ginsenosides on innate and adaptive immunity
From: Ginsenosides as dietary supplements with immunomodulatory effects: a review
Ginsenosides | Target cells | Experimental models | Dosage and duration of intervention | Immune action | Applications | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rg1 | Macrophages | Vitro: RAW 264.7 cells Vivo: Mouse peritoneal macrophages in C57BL/6 mice | 3.7–300 μM for 24 h or 48 h | ↑Innate immune response in macrophages ↑TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-5 ↓IL-6 | Immunopotentiators | [11] |
2H-PPD | Monocytes, Macrophages | Vitro: RAW 264.7 cells and U937 cells | 60 mM for 24 h | ↑Phagocytic uptake of macrophages ↑CD8, CD86, CD29, CD43 ↑ROS generation ↑The functional role of macrophages/monocytes in innate immunity | Immunopotentiators | [12] |
CK | Monocytes, Macrophages | Vitro: RAW 264.7 cells and U937 cells | 10, 20, 30 µg/mL for 24 h | ↑CD43, CD69, CD80, CD86 ↑TNF-α, iNOS ↓CD82 ↑The activation of NF-κB and AP-1 pathways | Immunopotentiators | [13] |
Rg3 | Macrophages | Vitro: Mouse peritoneal macrophages in C57BL/6 mice | 0, 1, 5, 10 μM for 1 h | ↓The expression of arginase-1 (a representative M2 marker gene) ↓The expressions of COX-2, iNOS, IL-1β, and TNF-α (M1 marker genes) in macrophages | Anti-inflammatory agents | [14] |
Rg1 | DC cells | Vitro: PBMCs-derived dendritic cells Vivo: C58BL/6 mice immunized with OVA | 0.1, 1.0, 10 μg/mL for 48 h | ↑The phenotypic maturation of the human iDCs ↑IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, IP-10, IFN-γ, IL-2 ↑CD38, CD80, HLA-DR ↓CD14 ↓E. G7-OVA tumor cell growth | Vaccine adjuvant to control lymphomas | [15] |
Rg1 | DC cells, T cells and B cells | Vivo: Kunming mice induced dexamethasone | 10 mg/kg for 21 days | ↑IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IFN-γ ↑slgA ↑Alistipes, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Roseburia ↓Helicobacteraceae, Dubosiella, Mycoplasma, Alloprevotella, Allobaculum | Immunopotentiators | [16] |
20(S)-Rg3 and 20(R)-Rg3 | Lymphocytes and NK cells | Vivo: H22-bearing mice | 3 mg/kg for 10 days | ↑The proliferation of lymphocytes in spleen ↑IL-2, IFN-γ | Antitumor immunotherapy | [17] |
Re | T cells and B cells | Vivo: ICR mice infected inactivated rabies virus | 2.50 mg/kg | ↑Antibody titers ↑The number of T cells and B cells ↑IL-4, IL-10, IFN-γ, IL-12 ↑CD4+:CD8+ ratio | Vaccine adjuvant | [18] |
Rg1 | Lymphocytes | Vivo: White Leghorn chickens injected CTX at 100 mg/kg | 1 mg/kg for 7 days | ↑Antibody titers ↑IFN-γ, IL-6 ↑T-AOC, T-SOD, CAT, GSH-Px ↑Serum Levels of GSH, VC and VE ↓MDA, Carbonyl | Immunopotentiators | [19] |
GSLS | T cells and B cells | Vivo: ICR mice injected with FMD vaccine | 0.5 mg for 4 days | ↑Serum IgG, IgG isotypes and IgG titers ↑Splenocyte proliferation ↑The number of IELs and IgA+ cells in the duodenum | Oral adjuvant for improving vaccination in susceptible animals | [20] |
Rd | Treg cells | Vivo: Foxp3−GFP C57BL/6 transgenic mice | 50, 100 μM for 24 h | ↑The expression of Foxp3 ↑Treg differentiation ↑IL-10, TGF-β1, IL-35 | Immunomodulating agent or supplement for transplant and autoimmune disorders | [21] |
Rg1 | Lymphocytes | Vivo: cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis in C57BL/6 mice | 20 mg/kg for 7 days | ↑The survival rate of the mice after CLP ↑Bacterial clearance in both blood and peritoneal lavage fluid ↓The production of IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-α ↓Apoptosis of lymphocytes in spleen and thymus | Agent for treatment of sepsis | [22] |
CK | B cells | Vivo: CCII and CFA-induced CIA in DBA/1 mice | 28, 56, 112 mg/kg | ↓The proliferation of B cell and its subsets(regulatory B cell, plasma cell, memory B cell, mature B cell, and follicular B cell) ↓Polyarthritis index, swollen joint count, spleen index ↓The level of serum antibodies (IgG1, IgG2a and anti-collagen II) ↑β-arrestin1-AP2 | Agents to relieve CIA | [23] |