Table 2 Ginsenosides act as immunomodulators against bacteria, viruses, and other parasites
From: Ginsenosides as dietary supplements with immunomodulatory effects: a review
Ginsenosides | In vivo/vitro models | Signaling pathways/mechanisms | Cytokine/molecules | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Rb1 | Mouse peritoneal macrophages and RAW 264.7 cells | p38 MAPK/AKT | [42] | |
Rg3 | Mouse peritoneal macrophages | Rac1/CDC42 ERK1/2 and p38 | ↑TNF-α ↑IL-6 | [43] |
20(S)-Rg3,20(R)-Rg3 | Mouse NIH3T3 fibroblast cells | p38/JNK | [44] | |
Rb1 | Suckling mice and Rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells infected with Enterovirus 71 (EV71) | VP-1 | ↑IFN-β | [45] |
Rg3 | HepG2.2.15 cells | TRAF6/TAK1 TLR/MyD88 JNK/AP-1 | ↓TNF-α, IL-8 | [46] |
Rh2 | BV2 microglia cell line and BALB/c mice infected with T. gondii RH strain | NLRP3 TLR4/NF-κB | ↓TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS, IFN-γ | [47] |