Table 3 Immunity modulation of ginsenosides in stress

Rk1

Therapeutic agent for vitiligo

Vitro: H₂O₂-induced human PIG1 melanocyte cell line

PI3K/AKT/Nrf2/HO-1

↑Cell viability, SOD, CAT, GSH-Px

↓Apoptosis

[55]

Rg3

Functional food or RA adjuvant therapy

Vivo: CFA-induced RA in C57BL/6 mice

CD4⁺ CD25⁺ Foxp3⁺ Treg cells

NF-κB

↑IL-10, TGF-β

↓TNF-α, IL-6

[56]

Rg3

Oxidative damage treatment

Vivo: immune-stressed broilers induced by LPS

BCAA

mTOR

HO-1

↑T-AOC, T-SOD, GSH-Px, GSH

↓IL-6, TNF-α, iNOS, NO, MDA

[57]

Rg6

Anti-inflammatory agent

Vivo: septic mice induced by LPS and CLP

Vitro: LPS-induced inflammatory responses in BMDMs

MAPK

NF-κB

↑IL-10

↓TNF-α,IL-6, CXCL2, interleukin 12p40 (IL-12p40), and IL-1β

[58]

Rg1

Drug against podocytes injury in MN

Vitro: sublethal C5b-9 induced podocyte injury as the model of MN in MPC5 cells

P38 MAPK

↓ROS

[59]

Rb1

Drugs for the treatment of immune injury, oxidative damage, and excessive apoptosis

Vivo: DON-induced immunosuppression in C57BL/6 mice

Bax/Caspase

↑T-AOC, T-SOD, CAT, GSH-Px

↑CD4⁺, CD8⁺

↑IL-2, IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α

↑IgG, IgM, IgA

↓ROS, MDA, H₂O₂

[60]

F1

Functional food

Vitro: human primary astrocytes and SH-SY5Y cells

Vivo: HFD-induced oxidative stress and cellular senescence in C57BL/6J mice

NF-κB

Fas/TNFRSF6/CD95

FATP4/PPARα

Beclin1/ LC3

HO-1

↓CRG-2, CXCL16, IL-1F2, CCL27, CXCL16, CX2CL1, IGFBP3, IL-1F1, IL-1F2, IL-3R beta, IL-4, IL-6, Leptin R, XCL1, M-CSF, CCL19, CCL17, CCL1, IL-1β, TNF-α, VCAM-1, CXCL-11, CXCL-15, MMP-2, OPN

[61]

Rh2

Agents for antioxidant anti-aging

Vitro: H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress in cumulus-oocyte complexes

SIRT1/PGC-1α

↑GSH, SOD1

↓ROS

[64]

Rg1

Neuroprotective agent

Vitro: oxidative stress in NSCs induced by OGD

treatment

Bax/Caspase3

P38/JNK2

[65]