Fig. 1

A Representative distribution of artemisinin and its derivatives in Artemisia species. The data in the bar graph was observed from PR in the vegetative stage. B Distribution of artemisinin based on the developmental stages. The value next to each bar represents each artemisinin content (mg·g⁻¹ DW). Upper and lowercase letters represent significant differences in artemisinin content between Artemisia species in the vegetative and reproductive stages, respectively, by one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). The asterisks indicate significant differences between developmental stages in the same species by t-test (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001). C Distribution of artemisinin based on leaf age from different Artemisia species in the vegetative stage. The values shown in the donut chart reveal the percentage of each content obtained according to leaf age by total artemisinin content