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Validation study on the geometric isomers from bulbs of Allium fistulosum and their conversion

Applied Biological Chemistry volume 63, Article number: 37 (2020) Cite this article

Abstract

To discover new standard for the standardization of bulbs of Allium fistulosum (Chongbaek, Korean herbal name), twelve compounds (1–12) were isolated. Among them, a new HPLC/UV analysis method by selecting the five cinnamic acid amides (5–9) and two decursidate isomers (10 and 11), was fully validated. The developed analysis method showed sufficient reproducibility (< 2.58%) and accuracy (96.00–106.72%). Moreover, among compounds 5–11, only trans-isomers were verified from all four Chongbaek samples which produced in different regions, and this finding implied that the cis-forms were not originally nature compounds, thus, it led us to verify the conversion processes. The four trans-standard solutions and extracts of Chongbaek were converted to the cis- derivatives after 96 h of UV (254 nm) light exposure as 78.74% (6), 82.29% (8), and 63.99% (11) in solution and 82.38% (6), 62.91% (8), and 61.64% (11) in extracts. A verified analysis method using new indicators was developed for quality control of Chongbaek, as well as their stability control under UV light exposure. These results might be important for the industrial use of Chongbaek.

Introduction

Allium fistulosum is a plant in the Allium family, which includes onions (Allium cepa) and garlic (Allium sativum), and it is commonly called Welsh onion. The dried bulbs (a round root) of A. fistulosum used in this study is called “Chongbaek” in Korean Oriental medicine and it has long been used in one of the compositional herb with several prescriptions for treatment of colds, indigestion and even dermatitis [1, 2].

A typical component of Chongbaek is allicin, which has a strong spicy flavor, and this flavor can be degraded by inactivation of the alliin within the plant by an alliinase enzyme [3]. Allicin has been reported to have antibacterial, anticancer, blood sugar and blood pressure reductive, arteriosclerosis preventative effects [4,5,6]. Apart from the various activities of allicin noted above, allicin is unstable in extraction processes due to its high volatility [7]. In addition, in the case of Chongbaek, which are used for medicinal purposes, allicin’s original pharmacological effects cannot be predicted, mainly because it is not consumed raw but is usually boiled or shredded into small pieces.

The other major components reported in A. fistulosum include phenolic acids such as p-coumaric and ferulic acid and flavonoids such as rutin and quercitrin [1, 8, 9]. However, these compounds, including allicin, are not characteristic of Chongbaek because they are also found in many other Allium families. Recently, several new sulfur-containing compounds were reported [3], and various furostanol saponins were isolated from Chongbaek [10]. Cinnamic acid amides were also reported, and they show various activities, such as antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity [11,12,13]. As such, selecting one of the newly isolated compounds to use as a standard for analysis may allow higher specificity in the quality control of these materials. In particular, traditional medicines use a number of mixed-use prescriptions that contain various medicinal materials. At this time, standardizing complex prescriptions would not be possible if the contents and proportions of the raw materials used could not be accurately determined.

For this reason, the purpose of this study was to explore new, more stable, bioactive compounds that can be used for the standardization and industrialization of the selected herbal medicine. The following report describes the identification of twelve compounds, from 70% ethanol extract of Chongbaek (Fig. 1) and the development of a rapid and accurate HPLC analysis method for the selected compounds as standards. In addition, the standard contents of Chongbaek samples which produced in four different regions were compared by using the developed analysis method for the quality control of Chongbaek.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Chemical structures of the compounds isolated from 70% ethanol extract of Chongbaek

Full size image

Materials and methods

General procedures

All analytical-grade solvents, namely, methanol (MeOH), acetonitrile (ACN) and water (H2O), were obtained from J. T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Analytical-grade formic acid buffer was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Ethyl alcohol (EtOH), n-hexane (HEX), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and n-butanol (BuOH) were extra-pure grade and were purchased from Dae-Jung Chemicals and Metals (Gyeonggi-do, Korea). To separate and isolate the compounds, open column chromatography was conducted using silica gel (Kieselgel 60, 70–230 mesh, Merck), and a recycled preparative system based on LC-Forte/R model (YMC, Tokyo, Japan) was used. The structures of the isolated compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 1H-1H COSY, HMBC, and HMQC spectrometry as well as ESI–MS. A 600 MHz NMR, JNM-ECA600 (Jeol, Tokyo, Japan) was used for recording the spectra of all compounds. DMSO-d6 and CD3OH were used as solvents, and TMS was used as an internal standard. All the chemical shifts are presented in ppm. MS data were obtained with JEOL JMS-700 (Jeol, Tokyo, Japan) and Bruker maXis 4G (Bruker, WI, USA) mass spectrometers in positive and negative ion modes. The HPLC separations were conducted with a Shimadzu LC-20A Prominence Series system (Shimadzu corporation, Kyoto, Japan) with a quaternary pump (LC-20AD), a vacuum degasser (DGU-20A3R), an autosampler (SIL-20A), a column oven (CTO-20A) and a photodiode-array detector (SPD-M20A). Chromatographic data were processed by LabSolutions Multi PDA software.

Sample collection

Dried raw samples for separation and isolation of the target compounds were purchased in January 2018. The samples were produced in Gyeongsan, Korea, for use as standard medicinal products. To confirm the identity of the samples, an expert inspection committee from the Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine was consulted, and voucher specimens of all samples were kept in the KIOM.

Moreover, another three samples for standardization of the raw materials were acquired from Jindo (in July 2019), Kimpo (in July 2019), Yeongcheon (in November 2019), and Mu-ahn (in October 2019) from Korea, and all samples for analysis were likewise identified by KIOM’s experts and kept as medicinal standards by KIOM.

Separation and isolation procedures

The Chongbaek sample (8 kg) were immersed in 40 L (approximately 5 times the sample weight) of 70% EtOH, and the solid was extracted three times at 80 °C for 24 h each. The combined sample extract was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 1.2 kg of the 70% EtOH extract. Next, 800 g of the 70% EtOH extract was suspended in H2O (1.5 L) and partitioned sequentially into n-hexane (3 L × 4), EtOAc (3 L × 4), and n-BuOH (3 L × 3) based on polarity. The four solvent fractions (n-hexane, EtOAc, n-BuOH, and H2O) were all concentrated under reduced pressure to remove the solvent, and the EtOAc fraction (16.66 g) was chromatographed on a silica gel column (15 × 80 cm, 200–400 mesh) and eluted with a gradient of n-hexane and EtOAc (n-hexane:EtOAc = 100:0 to 0:100, v/v). Among the six fractions from the EtOAc fraction (fr. E1 ~ fr. E6), fr. E2 (11.2 g) was fractionated by semipreparative HPLC at a flow rate of 20 mL/min, detection at 210 and 235 nm UV, and a gradient system containing H2O and ACN (91:9–85:15, v/v) on a YMC Triat C18 column (5 µm, 150 × 21.20 mm i.d.). The separation of fr. E2, afforded fr. E21 to E26, and from these fractions, compounds 1 (6.5 mg), 2 (38.8 mg), 3 (49.8 mg), and 4 (21.8 mg) were obtained.

Compounds 5 (84.9 mg), 10 (5.4 mg), and 11 (31.3 mg) were isolated from fr. E3 (525.5 mg) and compound 12 (37.6 mg) was isolated from fr. E4 (224.8 mg) by using semipreparative HPLC with a YMC Triat C18 column (5 µm, 150 × 21.20 mm i.d.). The chromatographic conditions were a flow rate of 20 mL/min, UV detection at 254 and 320 nm, and a gradient solvent system with H2O:ACN = 87:13–85:15, v/v.

Fraction E5 (609.9 mg) was also fractionated by semipreparative HPLC (YMC Triat C18, 5 µm, 150 × 21.20 mm i.d., flow rate of 20 mL/min, UV detection at 254 and 320 nm) and afforded five fractions (E51 to E55) with a gradient solvent system (H2O:ACN = 87:13–85:15, v/v). Among them, fr. E52 (110.8 mg) was further separated under the same conditions as fr. E5, and fractions E521 to E525 were collected. Fraction E521 (20.8 mg) afforded compounds 6 (4.8 mg) and 7 (12.8 mg) from semipreparative HPLC (YMC Triat C18, 5 µm, 150 × 21.20 mm i.d., flow rate of 15 mL/min, UV detection at 254 and 320 nm, H2O:ACN = 87:13–85:15, v/v). Compounds 8 (10.2 mg) and 9 (9.6 mg) were isolated from fraction E 523 (60.8 mg) by using the same conditions as were used to obtain compounds 6 and 7.

The purity of each of the isolated compounds was confirmed by HPLC analysis, and all were at least 95% pure.

2-Hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethanone (1)

Brown oil. ESI–MS ion peaks at m/z 153.0 [M + H]+ and 150.9 [M − H]−. 1H NMR data in CD3OD (600 MHz): δH 7.83 (2H, d, J = 10.2, H-2 and H-4), 6.83 (2H, d, J = 10.2, H-3 and H-5), 4.79 (2H, s, H-8). 13C NMR data in CD3OD (600 MHz): δC 198.7 (C-7), 164.3 (C-5), 131.4 (C-2 and C-4), 127.5 (C-1), 116.6 (C-3 and C-5), 66.0 (C-8).

3-Methoxy-coumaran (2)

Yellow–brown oil. ESI–MS ion peaks at m/z 151.2 [M + H]+ and 150.9 [M − H]−. 1H NMR data in CD3OD (600 MHz): δH 7.12 (2H, d, J = 9.6, H-2 and H-4), 6.77 (2H, d, J = 9.6, H-3 and H-5), 4.16 (1H, dd, J = 9.6, 4.8, H-8), 3.62 (1H, dd, J = 13.8, 4.8, H-7α), 3.50 (1H, dd, J = 13.8, 4.8, H-7β), 3.22 (3H, s, 8-OCH3). 13C NMR data in CD3OD (600 MHz): δC 158.5 (C-7), 131.0 (C-1), 129.4 (C-2 and C-4), 116.3 (C-3 and C-5), 86.1 (C-8), 67.9 (C-7), 57.0 (8-OCH3).

Coumaran (3)

Yellow oil. ESI–MS ion peaks at m/z 121.1 [M + H]+ and 119.1 [M − H]−. 1H NMR data in CD3OD (600 MHz): δH 7.02 (2H, d, J = 10.2, H-2 and H-4), 6.71 (2H, d, J = 10.2, H-3 and H-5), 3.68 (2H, t, J = 8.4, H-7α and H-7β), 2.71 (2H, t, J = 8.4, H-8α and H-8β). 13C NMR data in CD3OD (600 MHz): δC 155.4 (C-6), 129.7 (C-1), 129.6 (C-2 and C-4), 114.8 (C-3 and C-5), 63.3 (C-7), 38.1 (C-8).

1-(2-Ethoxyphenyl)-1,2-ethanediol (4)

Brown oil. ESI–MS ion peaks at m/z 183.1 [M + H]+ and 181.1 [M − H]−. 1H NMR data in CD3OD (600 MHz): δH 7.13 (2H, d, J = 10.2, H-2 and H-4), 6.76 (2H, d, J = 10.2, H-3 and H-5), 4.27 (1H, dd, J = 10.2, 4.8, H-7), 3.62 (1H, dd, J = 13.8, 9.6, H-8α), 3.49 (1H, dd, J = 13.8, 9.6, H-8β), 3.39 (2H, m, H-9α and H-9β), 1.17 (3H, t, J = 8.4, 9-CH3). 13C NMR data in CD3OD (600 MHz): δC 158.4 (C-6), 131.7 (C-1), 129.3 (C-2 and C-4), 116.3 (C-3 and C-5), 84.2 (C-7), 68.0 (C-8), 65.3 (C-9), 15.7 (9-CH3).

N-Trans-coumaroyl tyramine (5)

Bright-yellow powder. ESI–MS ion peaks at m/z 284.2 [M + H]+ and 281.9 [M − H]−. 1H NMR data in DMSO-d6 (600 MHz): δH 7.34 (2H, d, J = 8.4, H-2 and H-6), 7.29 (1H, d, J = 16.2, H-7), 6.97 (2H, d, J = 8.4, H-2′ and H-6′), 6.75 (2H, d, J = 8.4, H-3 and H-5), 6.65 (2H, d, J = 8.4, H-3′ and H-5′), 6.37 (1H, d, J = 16.2, H-8), 3.30 (2H, dd, J = 13.8, 6.6, H-8α and H-8β), 2.62 (2H, t, J = 7.2, H-9α and H-9β). 13C NMR data in DMSO-d6 (600 MHz): δC 165.9 (C-9), 159.3 (C-4), 156.1 (C-4′), 139.1 (C-7), 130.1 (C-1), 130.0 (C-2 and C-6), 129.7 (C-2′ and C-6′), 126.5 (C-1′), 119.3 (C-8), 116.3 (C-3 and C-5), 115.7 (C-3′ and C-5′), 41.2 (C-7′), 35.0 (C-8′).

N-Cis-feruloyltyramine (6)

Yellowish powder. ESI–MS ion peaks at m/z 314.1 [M + H]+ and 312.1 [M − H]−. 1H NMR data in CD3OD (600 MHz): δH 7.33 (1H, d, J = 1.8, H-2), 6.97 (2H, d, J = 8.4, H-2′ and H-6′), 6.90 (1H, dd, J = 7.8, 1.8, H-6), 6.71 (1H, d, J = 8.4, H-5), 6.66 (2H, d, J = 8.4, H-3′ and H-5′), 6.59 (1H, d, J = 12.6, H-7), 5.79 (1H, d, J = 12.6, H-8), 3.81 (3H, s, 3-OCH3), 3.37 (2H, m, H-7α′ and H-7β′), 2.67 (2H, m, H-8α′ and H-8β′). 13C NMR data in CD3OD (600 MHz): δC 196.0 (C-9), 155.5 (C-4′), 147.3 (C-3), 147.2 (C-4), 137.0 (C-7), 129.8 (C-1′), 129.3 (C-2′ and C-6′), 127.2 (C-1), 123.5 (C-5), 120.3 (C-8), 114.9 (C-3′ and C-5′), 114.5 (C-6), 112.6 (C-2), 55.0 (3-OCH3), 41.0 (C-7′), 34.2 (C-8′).

N-Trans-feruloyltyramine (7)

Brown powder. ESI–MS ion peaks at m/z 314.2 [M + H]+ and 312.0 [M − H]−. 1H NMR data in CD3OD (600 MHz): δH 7.41 (1H, d, J = 15.6, H-7), 7.09 (1H, d, J = 1.8, H-2), 7.03 (2H, d, J = 8.4, H-2′ and H-6′), 7.00 (1H, dd, J = 8.4, 1.8, H-6), 6.77 (1H, d, J = 7.8, H-5), 6.69 (2H, d, J = 9.0, H-3′ and H-5′), 6.38 (1H, d, J = 15.6, H-8), 3.86 (3H, s, 3-OCH3), 3.44 (2H, t, J = 7.2, H-7α′ and H-7β′), 2.71 (2H, t, J = 7.2, H-8α′ and H-8β′). 13C NMR data in CD3OD (600 MHz): δC 197.8 (C-9), 155.5 (C-4′), 148.4 (C-4), 147.9 (C-3), 140.7 (C-7), 130.0 (C-1′), 129.4 (C-2′ and C-6′), 126.9 (C-1), 121.9 (C-5), 117.5 (C-8), 115.2 (C-6), 115.0 (C-3′ and C-5′), 110.2 (C-2), 55.1 (3-OCH3), 41.3 (C-7′), 34.5 (C-8′).

N-Cis-feruloyl-3′-methoxytyramine (8)

Brown powder. ESI–MS ion peaks at m/z 344.2 [M + H]+ and 342.0 [M − H]−. 1H NMR data in CD3OD (600 MHz): δH 7.33 (1H, d, J = 1.8, H-2), 6.90 (1H, dd, J = 7.8, 1.8, H-6), 6.74 (1H, d, J = 1.8, H-2′), 6.70 (1H, d, J = 7.8, H-5), 6.67 (1H, d, J = 7.8, H-5′), 6.58 (2H, m, H-6′ and H-7), 5.79 (1H, d, J = 12.6, H-8), 3.80 (3H, s, 3-OCH3), 3.76 (3H, s, 3′-OCH3) 3.40 (2H, t, J = 7.2, H-7α′ and H-7β′), 2.69 (2H, t, J = 7.2, H-8α′ and H-8β′). 13C NMR data in CD3OD (600 MHz): δC 169.0 (C-9), 147.6 (C-4′), 147.2 (C-3′), 147.2 (C-4), 144.6 (C-3), 137.0 (C-7), 130.6 (C-1′), 127.2 (C-1), 123.5 (C-8), 120.8 (C-6′), 120.2 (C-6), 114.8 (C-5′), 114.5 (C-5), 112.6 (C-2′), 112.0 (C-2), 55.0 (3-OCH3), 54.9 (3′-OCH3), 41.0 (C-7′), 34.7 (C-8′).

N-Trans-feruloyl-3′-methoxytyramine (9)

Brown powder. ESI–MS ion peaks at m/z 344.2 [M + H]+ and 342.0 [M − H]−. 1H NMR data in CD3OD (600 MHz): δH 7.41 (1H, d, J = 15.6, H-7), 7.09 (1H, d, J = 1.8, H-2), 7.00 (1H, d, J = 8.4, H-6), 6.79 (1H, d, J = 1.8, H-2′), 6.77 (1H, d, J = 8.4, H-5), 6.70 (1H, d, J = 8.4, H-5′), 6.64 (1H, dd, J = 8.4, 1.8, H-6′), 6.38 (1H, d, J = 15.6, H-8), 3.86 (3H, s, 3-OCH3), 3.81 (3H, s, 3′-OCH3), 3.46 (2H, t, J = 7.2, H-7α′ and H-7β′), 2.74 (2H, t, J = 7.2, H-8α′ and H-8β′). 13C NMR data in CD3OD (600 MHz): δC 167.8 (C-9), 148.5 (C-4′), 147.9 (C-3′), 147.6 (C-4), 144.7 (C-3), 140.7 (C-7), 130.7 (C-1′), 126.9 (C-1), 121.8 (C-8), 120.9 (C-6′), 117.4 (C-6), 115.1 (C-5′), 114.9 (C-5), 112.1 (C-2′), 110.2 (C-2), 55.1 (3-OCH3), 55.0 (3′-OCH3), 41.2 (C-7′), 34.9 (C-8′).

Trans-decursidate (10)

Green powder. HRESI–MS ion peaks at m/z 329.1028 [M + H]+. 1H NMR data in CD3OD (600 MHz): δH 7.60 (1H, d, J = 15.6, H-7), 7.22 (2H, d, J = 9.0, H-2′ and H-6′), 7.14 (1H, d, J = 1.8, H-6), 7.03 (1H, dd, J = 8.4, 1.8, H-2), 6.78 (1H, d, J = 11.4, H-3), 6.76 (2H, d, J = 9.0, H-3′ and H-5′), 6.34 (1H, d, J = 15.6, H-8), 4.79 (1H, m, H-8′), 4.21 (2H, m, H-7α′ and H-7β′), 3.84 (3H, s, 3-OCH3). 13C NMR data in CD3OD (600 MHz): δC 169.2 (C-9), 158.4 (C-4′), 150.7 (C-4), 149.4 (C-3), 147.1 (C-7), 133.2 (C-1′), 128.8 (C-2′ and C-6′), 127.8 (C-1), 124.2 (C-6), 116.6 (C-5), 116.3 (C-3′ and C-5′), 115.4 (C-8), 111.8 (C-2), 72.8 (C-8′), 70.2 (C-7′), 56.6 (3-OCH3).

Cis-decursidate (11)

HRESI-MS ion peaks at m/z 329.1028 [M + H]+. 1H NMR data in CD3OD (600 MHz): δH 7.72 (1H, s, H-2). 7.19 (2H, d, J = 8.4, H-2′ and H-6′), 7.07 (1H, d, J = 8.4, H-6), 6.83 (1H, d, J = 12.6, H-7), 6.74 (3H, m, H-3, H-3′ and H-5′), 5.79 (1H, d, J = 12.6, H-8), 4.79 (1H, m, H-8′), 4.17 (2H, m, H-7α′ and H-7β′), 3.83 (3H, s, 3-OCH3). 13C NMR data in CD3OD (600 MHz): δC 166.7 (C-9), 156.9 (C-4′), 148.2 (C-4), 147.0 (C-3), 144.2 (C-7), 131.8 (C-1′), 127.3 (C-2′ and C-6′), 126.8 (C-1), 125.4 (C-6), 114.3 (C-5), 114.8 (C-3′ and C-5′), 115.1 (C-8), 113.7 (C-2), 71.3 (C-8′), 68.5 (C-7′), 55.1 (3-OCH3).

4-Hydroxyphenylglycol (12)

Brown oil. ESI-MS ion peaks at m/z 155.2 [M + H]+ and 153.2 [M − H]−. 1H NMR data in CD3OD (600 MHz): δH 7.16 (2H, d, J = 11.4, H-3 and H-5), 6.73 (2H, d, J = 11.4, H-2 and H-6), 4.56 (1H, t, J = 7.2, H-8), 3.55 (2H, d, J = 7.2, H-7). 13C NMR data in CD3OD (600 MHz): δC 156.6 (C-1), 132.7 (C-4), 127.3 (C-3 and C-5), 114.7 (C-2 and C-6), 74.4 (C-8), 67.4 (C-7).

Preparation of standards and samples for HPLC analysis

For HPLC analysis, the four dried samples (100 mg) from different locations were extracted twice with 10 mL of MeOH for 10 min under ultrasonication. Afterwards, the mixtures were centrifuged at 4000 g for 10 min, and each supernatant was passed through a disposable syringe filter (0.22 µm, 25 mm, CA syringe fitter) obtained from Futecs Co., LTD (Daejeon, Korea) and injected into the HPLC system. The chromatographic peaks from the sample solution were identified by comparing the retention times and UV spectra of the target compounds with those of standards.

Standards of N-trans-coumaroyltyramine (5), N-cis-feruloyltyramine (6), N-trans-feruloyltyramine (7), N-cis-feruloyl-3′-methoxytyramine (8), N-trans-feruloyl-3′-methoxytyramine (9), Trans-decursidate (10), and Cis-decursidate (11) with over 98% purity were obtained from ChemFaces (Wuhan, China). Solutions of seven compounds were prepared at concentrations of 5 mg/mL in MeOH, and these stock solutions were stored at + 4 °C in a dark room. Moreover, serial dilution with MeOH was used to obtain solutions at fifteen concentrations (0.01 to 250 µg/mL), and these solutions were used as the working solutions for HPLC analysis.

Validation of the developed analysis method

The HPLC analysis method developed herein to detect and quantify the three reference compounds from the samples was tested for linearity, accuracy, precision, LOD and LOQ based on the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The linearity was determined by calculating the value of r2 (correlation coefficient) for the calibration curve prepared from fifteen serial concentrations. The precision was evaluated by the intermediate examination method by measuring the intra- and interday variability. The intraday variability was estimated by analyzing the sample solution on one of the study days (24 h), and the interday variability was determined by injecting the sample solutions on three different days. To determine the precision, RSD values were compared for the peak areas and retention times from five experiments. Moreover, to evaluate the accuracy, recovery tests were performed by spiking a samples with each standard compound at three different concentrations, and the recovery rates were determined by calculating the mean recovery (%) of the standards from the spiked extract solutions vs. the nonspiked extract solutions. The LOD and LOQ were calculated by the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) method, in which an S/N ratio of 3 is used for the LOD, and an S/N ratio of 10 is used for the LOQ.

Conversion testing of the geometric isomers by UV-lights

The geometric isomers (7, 9, and 10), which were identified as trans- forms were dissolved in MeOH to a concentration as 0.14 (7), 0.1 (9), and 0.07 mg/mL (10). The sample of Gyeong san was prepared with same sample preparation method for HPLC analysis. The three standards mixture and sample solutions were exposed under the UV lamp (30 W, UV output 13.4 W, 253.7 nm) in a dark room for 96 h for converting the cis and trans- isomers. After that, the fully converted standards mixture and a sample solution has been taken for HPLC analysis.

Result and discussion

Structure elucidation of the isolated compounds

A total of 12 compounds (1–12) were isolated and identified following repeated separations by silica gel and ODS gel column chromatography of the EtOAc fraction of the 70% ethanol extract of Chongbaek. In these cases, except for 4, 10 and 11, all the compounds, namely, the other three coumaran derivatives (1 to 3), five cinnamic acid amides (5 to 9), and one hydroxy phenol (12), were determined by comparing their spectroscopic data with those previously reported in the literature. The compounds were identified as 2-hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethanone (1) [14], 3-methoxy-coumaran (2) [15, 16], coumaran (3) [15, 16], (1-(2-ethoxyphenyl)-1,2-ethanediol) (4) [15, 16], N-trans-coumaroyltyramine (5) [12, 13], N-cis-feruloyltyramine (6) [13, 17], N-trans-feruloyltyramine (7) [17], N-cis-feruloyl-3′-methoxytyramine (8) [13, 17], N-trans-feruloyl-3′-methoxytyramine (9) [13, 17], trans-decursidate (10) [18,19,20], cis-decursidate (11) [18,19,20], and 4-hydroxyphenylglycol (12) [21].

Optimization of analytical conditions and quantitation

In this study, 12 compounds (1–12) were isolated for the standardization of Chongbaek. In addition, the chemical properties of the isolated compounds were considered when selecting standard compounds for HPLC/UV analysis. Of the isolated compounds, coumaran and its derivatives (1–4) are nonpolar, and the fact that they are oils makes them unsuitable for the analysis of water-extracted samples. In particular, GC/FID or MS are more suitable for the analysis of volatile compounds [22]. Additionally, coumaran (3) has not been reported in Chongbaek until now, but sulfur-containing compounds were shown by GC/MS to be present in the essential oil of a similar plant, Allium sphaerocephalon L. subsp. [23]. Moreover, cinnamic acid amides, including N-p-trans-coumaroyl tyramine (5) and N-trans-feruloyltyramine (7), have been shown to be abundant in A. fistulosum, with contents of 13.85 (5) and 1.99 µg/g (7), respectively; these contents are notably higher than their contents in other vegetables, such as tomato (1.47 μg/g (5)) and cherry tomato (2.76 µg/g (5)), as indicated by HPLC analysis in previous reports [24]. Compounds 5 and 7 were also found in 35 species of Allium species by HPLC-HRMS-SPE and NMR analyses, indicating that these compounds are not specific to Chongbaek [25]. Compound 9, which is structurally similar to 7 but possesses a methoxy groups at position 3′, has been reported from the Chongbaek [13] and Allium tripedale [26], but it has not been quantified in these raw materials. Compound 10 was reported for the first time from Peucedanum decursivum root [27], but it has also been isolated from Angelica purpuraefolia and root of Angelica sinensis [18, 28]. As with 11, although compound 10 has been previously identified from other plants, it has not been quantified. Therefore, it is not clear whether these compounds are specific to separate plants. If in practice, compounds 10 or 11 have relatively good specificity and can be used to differentiate Chongbaek, they may be ideal compounds for standardization studies. Finally, based on the above information, compounds 5–11 were selected as analysis standards for standardizing Chongbaek using HPLC/UV, and these compounds are cinnamic acid amides and decursidates.

Based on our optimization of the analysis conditions for the selected compounds, a gradient mixture of distilled water (A) and acetonitrile (B) was used because was found to be the most suitable. On the other hand, although the use of an acid buffer generally improves the separation of compounds, our preliminary results using formic, acetic or phosphoric acid as additive showed that the resolution of the trans compounds (5, 7, 9, and 10) did not differ relative to the chromatograms obtained without buffer, and the peaks of the cis compounds were poorly resolved. The UV wavelength for analysis was optimized based on the UV absorbance of each compound, and 317 nm was selected as the optimal wavelength at which all seven compounds could be detected. For column selection, Triart C18 ExRS, which is a more hydrophobic resin than normal C18, was used to efficiently separate the polar compounds in the samples relatively quickly. Using the selected column, gradient elution with A/B = 85/15 to 80/20 (0–17 min), 80/20 (17–22 min), 80/20 to 74/26 (22–40 min), and 74/26 (40–45 min) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and oven temperature at 40 °C successfully resolved all the standards without interference from the matrix. Under these conditions, the retention times of the seven standard peaks were 25.2 (6), 28.2 (8), 30.3 (5), 33.6 (7), 36.2 (9), 36.8 (11), and 39.7 (10) min (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2
figure 2

HPLC chromatograms of the seven standards (a, 50 µg/mL) and the Gyeongsan (b, 125 mg/mL), Jindo (c, 125 mg/mL), Kimpo (d, 125 mg/mL), and Yeongcheon (e, 125 mg/mL) samples

Full size image

Based on the analysis conditions optimized above, the contents of these compounds in Chongbaek samples which produced in four different regions (Jindo, Fig. 2c; Kimpo, Fig. 2d; and Yeongcheon, Fig. 2e) were compared, as were the samples used in the isolation of the compounds from Chongbaek (Gyeongsan; Fig. 2b). The analysis results confirmed that none of the cis derivatives were detectable in any of the samples and that only the trans isomers were observed. Of these Chongbaek samples from different regions (Fig. 2b–e), the same species showed very similar patterns in their HPLC/UV chromatograms; the contents of the compounds detected in the Gyeongsan sample were 7.9873 ± 0.0183 (5), 24.0126 ± 0.1603 (7), 5.7730 ± 0.0381 (9), and 8.6818 ± 0.0544 µg/g (10) (Table 1), and the relative standard deviation (RSDs) (%) values compared to the compounds detected in the remaining three samples (Jindo, Kimpo, and Yeongcheon) were calculated as 17.9 (5), 17.6 (7), 21.0 (9), and 29.0% (10). As such, the similar quantitation values indicated that the use of the selected compounds as a standard is suitable for monitoring Chongbaek during commercial production and for the standardization of Chongbaek (Table 1).

Table 1 Contents of the target compounds in the four different regions (µg/g)
Full size table

On the other hand, from the quantitative analysis results of Chongbaek samples, and with the identified compounds, which were obtained from isolation process in this study, we were able to discover the impressive and important phenomenon. All cis-types compounds were not detected in the all four analysis samples, however, during the separation process, they were isolated in a certain amount or more (2: 4.8, 4: 10.2, and 7: 31.3 mg). It implies the cis- were not the nature components. According to a previous report, these geometric isomers can interconvert upon exposure to UV light [17]. Meanwhile, in this case was the cinnamic acid amides were separated from other plants, but it was not clear whether these cis- were originally contained from raw materials or biosynthetic produced during the separation process. Also, at least until recently, the reports of cis-type cinnamic acid amides separated from the Chongbaek could only confirm one case [13]. Therefore, in order to clearly verify these phenomena, using the newly developed analysis method, the conversion study of the sample and these geometric isomers was carried out as follows.

Conversion study of the geometric isomers

As described above, the conversions of cis- and trans-feruloyltyramine and feruloyl-3′-methoxytyramine under UV light exposure have been reported previously [17]. Therefore, isolated compounds 6–9 were expected to undergo structural conversion upon exposure to UV light. On the other hand, compounds 10 and 11, in which the nitrogen was replaced by an oxygen, have not been shown to undergo structural conversion. Additionally, these structural conversions by UV light should be verified because they could have unexpected effects on the stability and quality of the standardization materials used for quality control. Therefore, this study investigated the structural conversions of compound 6–11 using the same conditions used in the previously reported conversion experiment. In addition, the compounds before and after conversion were quantified, which was not reported in the previous studies.

Before selecting the compounds to convert, the quantities of the analytes prior to UV light exposure were confirmed (Fig. 3c). None of the cis derivatives were detected in any of the samples, and the contents of the trans compounds were verified as 24.01 ± 0.16 (7), 5.77 ± 0.04 (9), and 8.68 ± 0.05 µg/g (10) (Table 2). Therefore, in a typical environment, the only the trans geometric isomers were initially present. Notably, it was reported that upon exposure to UV light for 96 h, the final stabilization ratios of feruloylamides varied slightly depending on the structure. Initially, compound 7 accounted for 23.6% of the mixture, and 9 accounted for 29.4%. However, since these values are based on area ratios from the chromatogram acquired by HPLC/UV at 210 nm, the absolute content ratio could not be determined. In particular, when this study examined the optimum absorbance of the cis and trans compounds for quantitative analysis, these compounds showed significantly different absorbance at 210 nm. Thus, a conversion test was conducted under the same conditions, and the final stabilized ratio was quantified using the newly developed analysis method described above (Fig. 3b). The results of that quantification were slightly different from those of a previous report, and the contents of the cis and trans compounds in the samples exposed to UV light for 96 h were 19.78 ± 0.02 (6), 3.67 ± 0.04 (7), 3.63 ± 0.04 (8), 1.36 ± 0.09 (9), 5.35 ± 0.03 (11), and 3.31 ± 0.06 µg/g (10) (Table 2). These quantitative values were calculated as percentages, which were converted to the contents of the cis and trans compounds in the UV-exposed samples, and the content of the trans compound prior to UV exposure was taken as 100%. The stabilized ratio, calculated as a percentage, for compound 7, N-trans-feruloyltyramine, was 15.29%, and that of its cis-form, 6, was 82.38%. Compound 10, trans-decursidate, showed a stabilization ratio of 38.13%, and compound 11, gave a ratio of 61.64%. The above results indicate that for compound 11, as well as all the other cis isomers in this report, the cis isomer is not present in the Chongbaek in its original state. For compound 9, N-trans-feruloyl-3′-methoxytyramine, its stability ratio was calculated as 23.57%, and 62.91% of that compound was converted to the cis isomer (8). Moreover, the combined content of converted compounds 8 and 9 was 4.99 µg/g; because there was 5.77 µg/g of the trans compounds prior to UV exposure, only 86.48% of the material was now detectable (Table 2). We then confirmed the conversion rates of the pure trans standards to ensure that they were unaffected by other impurities in the sample during the conversion process. To determine the preconversion content in a standard, the standard mixtures were prepared at known concentrations (0.14 (7), 0.1 (9), and 0.07 mg/mL (10)) (Fig. 3a), and the contents were verified by comparison with the obtained regression curve. The contents of each of the three standards in the mixture were calculated to be 138.39 ± 0.39 (7), 101.33 ± 0.05 (9), and 70.34 ± 0.03 µg/g (10) (Table 2). As in the conversion tests, the samples were irradiated with UV light for 96 h, and the converted contents of the cis and trans compounds were calculated as 6: 108.97 ± 0.01 (78.74%), 7: 32.17 ± 0.17 (23.25%), 8: 83.38 ± 0.13 (82.29%), 9: 17.54 ± 0.03 (17.31%), 11: 45.01 ± 0.09 (63.99%), and 10: 25.99 ± 0.09 µg/g (36.95%) (Table 2). As such, the amounts of 8 (cis) and 9 (trans) generated by the conversion of 9 were different from the results of other tests. Compound 7, which possessed one fewer methoxy group than 9, showed a slightly higher rate of cis conversion in the samples of 6 and 7. Moreover, the ratios of compounds 10 and 11 in the standards and in the samples were very similar, and no decrease in the combined content of the cis and trans isomers was observed. Thus, additional experiments on the phenomena that cause this difference in relation to the structure of compounds 7 and 9 are still needed, but we have carefully assumed that the influence on the decomposition by UV light is from the additional methoxy group.

Fig. 3
figure 3

HPLC chromatograms of four trans standards; 5: 100, 7: 140, 9: 100, and 10: 70 µg/mL (a), and converted standards after 96 h of UV light (254 nm) exposure .(b) The Gyeong san sample before UV exposure (c, 125 mg/mL), and the sample after 96 h of UV (254 nm) exposure (d)

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Table 2 Content and conversion ratios of converted compounds in standard mixtures and Gyeongsan samples (µg/g)
Full size table

Trans compound 5 (N-p-trans-coumaroyltyramine), which eluted at 30.3 min, as shown in Fig. 3, was also treated with 7, 9, and 10 and subjected to a conversion study. Unfortunately, its cis isomer was not isolated from this study, nor is it commercially available for use as a standard. Therefore, the exact conversion rate was not verified. However, the peak detected in 23.0 min in the chromatogram indicated that it underwent conversion by UV light similar to other trans compounds.

Assay validation

The linearity was confirmed with a total of eleven sequentially diluted solutions at concentrations from 0.5 to 250 µg/mL with three replicates for each standard. Each calibration curve showed good linearity with correlation coefficients (r2 value) above 0.99. (Table 3).

Table 3 Linearity of the standard compounds
Full size table

The accuracy and precision were determined by spiking standard solutions with three different concentrations (2.5, 5, and 10 µg/mL) of the Gyeong san sample to calculate the recovery and relative standard deviation (RSD) values. The recoveries (%), which indicates accuracy, ranged from 96.00 to 106.72% for 6, 96.46 to 100.78% for 8, 99.36 to 106.44% for 5, 96.30 to 104.17% for 7, 99.38 to 102.21% for 9, 95.70 to 103.07% for 11, and 97.51 to 101.65% for 10 for both inter- and intraday experiments. The precision was determined from each RSD value derived from the inter- and intraday experiments, and for compounds 6, 8, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 10, and precisions ranged from 0.21 to 2.58%, 0.40 to 1.85%, 0.24 to 1.83%, 0.43 to 1.93%, 0.61 to 1.60%, 0.29 to 1.33%, and 0.34 to 1.82%, respectively. Therefore, the above results indicate sufficient accuracy and precision for all seven of the target compounds present in the Chongbaek samples (Table 4).

Table 4 Accuracy and intraday and interday precision of the standard compounds in Gyeongsan
Full size table

The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were evaluated based on the average standard deviations (SD) value with eight replications from each of the nine low concentration standards (0.02 µg/mL), which substituted on the five low-concentration regression curve (0.01 to 0.4 µg/mL). And then, the LOD and LOQ values were calculated by multiplying the each of standards SD by 3.3, and 10, respectively. Based on this, the LODs were calculated to be 0.05 for 6, 0.01 for 8, 0.0005 for 5, 0.001 for 7, 0.001 for 9, 0.003 for 11, and 0.001 µg/mL for 10. The LOQs were calculated by multiplying each LOD value by 10/3, which resulted in the following LOQs: 6, 0.1667; 8, 0.333; 5, 0.0017; 7, 0.0033; 9, 0.0033; 11, 0.01; and 10, 0.0033 µg/mL.

Conclusions

In this study, we identified new compounds that can replace the previously used reference standards and used these alternatives to develop a new analysis method for standardizing the Chongbaek. Twelve compounds were isolated and purified through various chromatographic techniques, and their structures were determined through NMR spectroscopy and MS techniques. Of the isolated compounds, the structure of cis- and trans-, decursidate, was reported for the first time in Chongbaek. Thus, considering the chemical properties of these identified compounds, the five cinnamic acid amides and their geometric isomers as well as cis- and trans decursidate were selected as marker compounds for Chongbaek standardization.

Later, for the standardization of materials that are essential for quality control, a comparative study on the content of standards were conducted by using four different regions products. The analysis of the contents of these compounds in four kinds of Chongbaek samples from different regions showed that the cis derivatives were never detected in the samples; however, the trans derivatives were present at concentrations of 5.7524 ± 0.0288 to 8.9920 ± 0.0818 (5), 18.4019 ± 0.0730 to 25.8226 ± 0.2104 (7), 4.1933 ± 0.0201 to 6.8215 ± 0.0865 (9), and 4.7787 ± 0.0191 to 8.6818 ± 0.0544 µg/g (10) in the four kinds of Chongbaek samples. Additionally, the developed analysis method was validated based on linearity (r2 > 0.99), accuracy (96.00–106.72%), precision (< 2.58%), LOD (< 0.05 µg/g), and LOQ (< 0.1667 µg/g). These also suggested that cis to trans interconversion was possible, and a conversion study involving one sample (Kung-san) and three trans standards (7, 9 and 10) was conducted. Each of the three trans compounds in the sample was converted to its cis isomer at conversion of 82.38% (6), 62.91% (8), and 61.64% (11), and the conversions of pure trans standards were verified to confirm the conversion phenomena observed when the samples were exposed to UV light. It was confirmed that the trans derivatives were converted to their cis isomers at rates of 78.74% (6), 82.29% (8), and 63.99% (11). Therefore, the cis compounds identified in Chongbaek samples are not present in the plant material in its normal, natural environment, and they are generated by the conversion of the trans isomers under UV light when in solution. In addition, although their stability limits their applicability as marker compounds for the standardization of raw materials, they remained stable during the validation of the sample preparation process and the analysis method developed in this study. Thus, the standardization of raw materials using these compounds is fully possible if the exposure to light can be controlled, making these compounds potential marker compounds for Chongbaek.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the INNOPOLIS Foundation of Korea (2019-DD-RD-0044) and the National Research Council of Science & Technology (NST) grant by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. CAP-16-07-KIOM).

Funding

INNOPOLIS Foundation of Korea (2019-DD-RD-0044) and the National Research Council of Science & Technology (NST) grant by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. CAP-16-07-KIOM).

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  1. Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea

    Joo Tae Hwang, Jin Ah Ryuk, Hye Jin Kim, Dong Ho Jung & Byoung Seob Ko

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Contributions

JTH and BSK conceived of the idea presented. JTH, HJK and DHJ carried out the experiments and verified the analytical methods. JTH wrote the manuscript with input from all authors. JAR and BSK contributed to the interpretation of the results. All authors discussed the results and provide critical feedback to the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Byoung Seob Ko.

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Hwang, J.T., Ryuk, J.A., Kim, H.J. et al. Validation study on the geometric isomers from bulbs of Allium fistulosum and their conversion. Appl Biol Chem 63, 37 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13765-020-00520-2

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