Fig. 1

HXK1 positively enhances plant defences against P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 infection. a, c Leaves of WT and hxk1 seedlings (Col-0 and Ler background) after infection with P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pto) at 2 × 10⁵ CFU/ml concentration or MgCl₂ (control). b, d. Bacterial levels in hxk1 and WT plants after infections as (a, c). Error bars represent the standard error of the mean (n = 3). Asterisks indicate significant differences (P < 0.05, Student’s t-test). All experiments were performed three time