Fig. 4

Exogenous glucose positively enhances plant immunity against Pto. a, c Disease symptoms in Col-0 and hxk1 leaves infiltrated with H₂O or 2.5% glucose, followed 1 day later by infiltration with Pto (2 × 10⁶ CFU/ml) or MgCl₂ (control). b, d Bacterial growth in leaves infiltrated as described in (a, c). Error bars represent the standard error of the mean (n = 3). The asterisk indicates a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05, Student’s t-test). All experiments were conducted three time